Retinal protein Kinase

Harris MS, Sakamoto T, Kimura H, He S, Spee C, Gopalakrishna R, Gundimeda U, Yoo JS, Hinton DR, Ryan SJ. (1996). Hypericin inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells possible involvement of protein kinase C. Curr Eye Res. 15(3) 255-62. 

Berglund K, Midorikawa M, Tachibana M (2002) Increase in the pool size of releasable synaptic vesicles by the activation of protein kinase C in goldfish retinal bipolar cells. J Neurosci 22 4776-85... 

Klocker, N., Kermer, P., Weishaupt, J. H., Labes, M., Ankerhold, R., and Bahr, M. (2000). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated neuroprotection of adult rat retinal ganglion cells in vivo does not exclusively depend on phosphatidyl-inositol-S -kinase/protein kinase B signaling. J. Neurosci. 20, 6962-6967. 

Hoffman S, Gopalakrishna R, Gundimeda U, Murata T, Spee C, Ryan SJ, Hinton DR (1998) Verapamil inhibits proliferation, migration and protein kinase C activity in human retinal pigment cells. Exp Eye Res 67 45-52... 

Rodrigues Pdos S, Dowling JE (1990) Dopamine induces neurite retraction in retinal horizontal cells via diacylglycerol and protein kinase C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 9693-9697. 

A therapeutic strategy could encompass the suppression of protein kinase C activity, thus short-circuiting at least part of the pathway driving VEGF activity in the retina. The initial chemical studied as a protein kinase C inhibitor was known as LY333531 and was found to have very selective inhibition of both [31 and [311 isoforms of protein kinase C. This drug was studied in animal models and was found to reduce VEGF-mediated retinal vascular permeability, increase retinal blood flow, and inhibit retinal neovascularization. 

Aiello LP, Bursell SE, Clemont A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced retinal permeabiUty is mediated by protein kinase C in vivo and suppressed by an oraUy effective beta-isoform-selective inhibitor. Diabetes 1S>97 46 1473. 

Benovic JL, Kuhn H, Weyand I, Codina J, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ. Functional desensitization of the isolated P-adrenergic receptor by the P-adrenergic receptor kinase potential role of an analog of the retinal protein arrestin (48-kDa protein). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987 84 8879-8882. 

Presence of mitogen-activated protein kinase in retinal Muller cells and its neuroprotective effect ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neuroreport 13 2103-2107. 

Pomero F, Allione A, Beltramo E, et al. Effects of protein kinase C inhibition and activation on proliferation and apoptosis of bovine retinal pericytes. Diabetologia 2003 46 416-419. 

Shiba T, Inoguchi T, Sportsman JR, Heath WF, Bursell S, King GL. Correlation of diacylglycerol level and protein kinase C activity in rat retina to retinal circulation. Am J Physiol 1993 265 E783-E793. 

Suzuma K, Takahara N, Suzuma I, et al. Characterization of protein kinase C beta isoform s action on retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation, vascular endothehal growth factor-induced endothelial cell proliferation, and retinal neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 99 721-726. 

Pollreisz, A., Afonyushkin, T., Oskolkova, O.V., Gruber, E, Bochkov, V.N., and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. 2013. Retinal pigment epithelium cells produce VEGF iu response to oxidized phospholipids through mechanisms involving ATF4 and protein kinase CK2. 

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