Retail distribution implementation

Table 9.9 outlines the findings from a series of questions focused on the extent to which tool and technique inadequacy or internal barriers where responsible for failures of implementation. At the group level only the Process/Combined (with 61%) and the Project/Combined (with 57%) groups blamed tool inadequacy more than internal barriers for failures of implementation. All of the other groupings tended to blame internal barriers rather than tool and technique inadequacy as the primary cause of failure. At the industry sector level there was a wider differentiation. Those most blaming tool and technique inadequacy included Telecommunications (88%), Oil Gas (76%), Basic Chemicals (64%) and Computer Hardware (59%). Those most blaming internal barriers included Aerospace (78%), Retail Distribution (75%), Tourism Leisure (71%), Retail Financial Services (68%), Publishing (67%), IT Solutions (57%) and Confectionery (55%). 

Pharmaceutical distributors, wholesalers, importers, exporters, all those involved in the distribution chain are key players that, maybe more than others, should improve their capacity to combat counterfeit medicines. It is through the distribution chain that counterfeit medicines reach patients. It is therefore essential that distributors, wholesalers, importers, exporters develop and effectively implement business practices that make the distribution chain as impermeable as possible to counterfeits and open to appropriate verification by national authorities. It is known that in many countries unauthorized trade is widespread and that it is difficult to get unauthorized traders to respect rules and regulations. Yet, if unauthorized trade is the result of many factors, local distributors and retail pharmacists may find themselves part of the problem (for having left important areas of the country without effective supply mechanisms)... 

In 1985, shortly after lead acid batteries first became regulated as hazardous waste, the U.S. EPA had implemented rules that exempted collectors and transporters of used lead acid batteries for bona fide recycling from the regulatory burdens of the hazardous waste program. This allowed participation in established reverse distribution collection programs by retailers, distributors and transporters to remain strong. (The rate of lead battery lead recycling is now better than 95%.)... 

Free pricing of pharmaceuticals is, as has been pointed out in Chapter 1, usually associated with high price levels. The retail price of a medicine is not determined by the real costs of its development, production and distribution, but as with any other commercial products by what the market will bear. From the perspective of safeguarding universal access to health care, it is however necessary that prices be kept at reasonable levels. Most Furopean countries, even those that at one time maintained a system of free pricing, have therefore implemented some form of price control. 

Manufacturers, importers, and some processors and distributors are subject to TSCA 8(c). The statutory language broadly applies TSCA 8(c) to all manufacturers, processors, and distributors of a chemical substance, and importers are also included because the term manufacture is defined in the TSCA statute to include import. EPA s regulations implementing this subsection create several exemptions to the statute s broad scope of coverage. Distributors who do not also manufacture or process the chemical substances are defined as sole distributors and are exempt. Retailers are also exempt provided that they distribute to ultimate customers that are not commercial entities and provided that they do not also manufacture or process the subject chemicals. ... 

Used products are mainly commercialized through two transaction channels. In the first channel, a retailer buys used products from old users and sells them to new ones for a profit. In the second channel, the customer or new user can buy the used product directly from the old user without intermediaries (Yin et al. 2010). hi both channels, the price of the new product version and value added by new features or capabilities as well as the services provided by the retailer are decisive to promote or discourage a secondary market of used products (Kogan 2011). When creating a secondary market for used products, three factors are of special attention for a successful implementation (a) the commercialization channel, (b) the distribution channel, and (c) the costumer s demand for these used products. 

The implementation of subsidized sales and rations of food commodities faces the same challenges as food distribution programs. Rations can be distributed via ration shops (utility stores in Pakistan) or private retail oudets as in Egypt. In this case, the distribution requires additional logistical and administrative costs and may affoct the marketing and supply chain. 

Cabelas restructured its operations by centralizing common functions while still satisfying diverse customer needs through distribution centers (DC). It implemented a new warehouse management system to organize retail replenishments and fulfillments out of the DCs. It also provided the ability to accurately forecast, purchase and replenish inventory in advance of demand. Cabelas could tailor the product-assortments to each channel, using channel-specific attributes and metrics. 

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