Response differences

Not all instruments behave as a first-order system. If several capacities exist in a series connection and none dominates, i.e., is much larger than the others, then the response differs from a first-order system. The step response of a higher-()rder sys-... 

Variability arises from true heterogeneity in characteristics such as dose-response differences within a population, or differences in contaminant levels in tlie enviromiient The values of some variables used in an assessment change witli time and space, or across tlie population whose exposure is being estimated. Assessments should address tlie resulting variability in doses received by members of the target population. Individual exposure, dose, and risk can vary widely in a large population. The central tendency and high end individual risk descriptors are intended to capture tlie variability in exposure, lifestyles, and other factors tliat lead to a distribution of risk across a population. 

The risk assessment steps and the risk characterization are influenced by uncertainty and variability. Variability arise from heterogeneity such as dose-response differences within a population, or differences in contaminant levels in tlie environment. Uncertainty on tlie other lumd, represents lack of knowledge about factors such as adverse effects or contaminant levels. 

If the detector response differs, make up by weight a 1 1 mixture of each of the separate components (I, II, and III) with compound (IV). Inject a 0.1 pL sample of each mixture, measure the corresponding peak area, and hence deduce the factors which will correct the peak areas of components (I), (II), and (III) with respect to the internal standard (IV). 

The data shown in Figures 6 A-D indicate that while the smaller particles 85, 98 eind 109 nm are indistinguishable from the dissolved solute, sodium dichromate, in as far as detector behaviour is concerned, the detector response differs significantly for the larger diameter particles. The reduced peak area and hence t irbi-dity indicated for the larger particles is a direct result of the optical effects noted earlier. The observations are consistent with the findings of Heller and Tabibian that the corona effect... 

All NSAIDs have similar efficacy in reducing pain and inflammation in OA (Table 2-1), although individual patient response differs among NSAIDs. 

The AEGL-1 value was based on the observation that exercising healthy human subjects could tolerate exposure to concentrations of 500 or 1,000 ppm for 4 h with no adverse effects on lung function, respiratory symptoms, sensory irritation, or cardiac symptoms (Utell et al. 1997). The exercise, which tripled the subjects minute ventilation, simulates an emergency situation and accelerates pulmonary uptake. Results of the exposure of two subjects for an additional 2 h to the 500-ppm concentration and the exposure of one subject to the 1,000-ppm concentration for an additional 2 h failed to elicit any clear alterations in neurobehavioral parameters. The 4- or 6-h 1,000-ppm concentration is a NOAEL in exercising individuals, there were no indications of response differences among tested subjects, and animal studies indicate that adverse effects occur only at considerably higher concentrations, so the 1,000-ppm value was adjusted by an uncertainty factor (UF) of 1. The intraspecies UF of 1 is supported by the lack of adverse effects in patients with severe... 

In order to assess the dependence of the output signal on changes in the humidity content of the sample gas, an additional series of measurements was carried out. The hotplate temperature was set to 275 °C, and CO measurements were recorded at three different humidity levels (10, 20 and 40% r.h.) The humidifier temperature was set to 23 °C, and the chip temperature was 30 °C. As can be seen in Fig. 5.14, the sensor response increases with increasing humidity. The large sensor response difference between 10% and 20% r.h. shows that this effect is more pronounced at low humid-... 

The allergic response differs from the usual toxic response in that a prior exposure is necessary to create the conditions for an adverse response. 

However, at the highest frequencies the diffusion layers are muchthiimer, the microdroplets tend to behave as independent hemispherical microelectrodes and the response differs significantly from the theory of the thin-film electrode [49]. 

Free-ranging North American beaver. Castor canadensis, feed less on experimental aspen sticks that have been treated with extracts from predator excrement or urine. Odors from the sympatric coyote and river otter, and extirpated lynx, were most effective, while those from allopatric lion and extirpated wolf odor were less active. However, these response differences between species were small (Fig. 12.2 Engelhart and Muller-Schwarze 1995). 

FIGURE 8. Response differences of PTC tasters and nontasters to bitter taste in dentifrices with and without ions. Differences are significant only for dentifrices with [Adapted from ref. 55]. 

Figure H3.1.7 The use of a mechanical frequency spectrum to distinguish between cookie and pastry shortenings. Although both shortenings have similar G" responses across different frequencies, their G responses differ significantly.

The primary and secondary responses differ in the following four ways ... 

It has been known for many years that during the course of a typical immune response, different antibody classes are produced IgM is found early in the response and IgG later (e.g. Bauer and Stavitsky, 1961 Uhr and Finkelstein, 1963). In a typical heterogeneous polyclonal response, the IgM and IgG antibodies appear to have similar specificity, but the structural relationship of the binding sites (in modern terms, the V regions) associated with these different classes cannot easily be evaluated. However, a crucial insight into the relationship among V regions of different antibody classes was provided by Todd s observation (1963) that rabbit IgG and IgM express the same a-locus allotypic determinants. 

When analyzing results of factorial experiments we talk about main effects and interaction effects. Main effects are factor effects and they are the difference of averaged response for two levels (+1 -1) for the associated factor. In case response difference for two levels of factor Xj is the same irrespetive of on which level factor X2 (excluding experimental error), one may say that there exists no interaction between factors X and X2 or that the interaction is XjX2=0. This statement may be graphically presented. Figures 2.34 and 2.35 show interaction between factors X2 and X2, and Fig. 2.36 indicates that such an interaction is nonexistent. 

Low motor or vertical activity may be a strain-specific phenotype. Inactive strains will produce less activity overall and may not be suitable for this model. Likewise, hyperactive strains generally display less non-horizontal exploration and may have difficulties with balance. A narrower apparatus will encourage the animal to show less horizontal activity, enabling it to focus on other behavioral responses. Differences in mouse size should also be addressed. Use animals of similar size, age, and weight to accurately compare between groups. 

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