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Respiratory suppressants

Miosis Morphine causes constriction of the pupil by a direct action on the parasympathetic nerve. Miosis is pathognomonic of opioid (specifically ju agonist) overdose, but mydriasis occurs with respiratory suppression and asphyxiation. [Pg.309]

Respiratory g and 5 ligands participate in the regulation of respiration (Su et al. 1998). Respiratory suppression is a regular feature of morphine, which suppresses all phases of respiration. Respiratory arrest is the most frequent cause of death from morphine or heroin overdose. In... [Pg.309]

Valproate overdose results in increasing sedation, confusion, and ultimately, coma. The patient may also manifest hyperreflexia or hyporeflexia, seizures, respiratory suppression, and supraventricular tachycardia. Treatment should include gastric lavage, electrocardiographic monitoring, treatment of emergent seizures, and respiratory support. [Pg.151]

Codeine, which could be derived either directly from opium or (more usually) from morphine, came to be preferred by many as a pain killer. Compared to morphine, codeine was less powerful as a painkiller but also produced less sedation and potentially dangerous respiratory suppression. Codeine is sometimes combined with aspirin or other drugs to provide moderate pain relief. However, steady users can become addicted to the drug. [Pg.10]

The slowed breathing caused by morphine is dangerous in those who already have trouble breathing. Indeed, the slowing of respiration is considered the most dangerous action of the opiate drugs. At high doses, the respiratory suppression caused by morphine and other potent opioids can lead, in extreme instances, to death. [Pg.359]

Although the BZDs have minimal depressant effects on respiration, when combined with other CNS depressants (alcohol, opioids), BZDs can cause fatal respiratory suppression. However, most non-BZD sedatives may also cause death by suppression of breathing and heart failure if taken in sufficient quantity. Benzodiazepines can also cause some degree of memory loss called anterograde amnesia—a form of amnesia that involves the formation of memories after a specific event a person with anterograde amnesia cannot remember information presented to them after ingesting the BZD, a process similar to an alcohol black-out. [Pg.465]

In addition to treating anxiety and insomnia, intravenous BZDs are used as a sedating agent in outpatient surgical procedures. The most commonly used BZD for this indication is the short-acting agent midazolam (Versed). There is a lower potential for respiratory suppression with midazolam than with the barbiturates. [Pg.469]

The rapid-acting barbiturates, such as methohexital (Brevital), are used as intravenous anesthetics/induction agents. Advantages are rapid anesthesia and short duration of action. A disadvantage is respiratory suppression with higher doses. [Pg.469]

The symbol LC50 means lethal concentration for 50% of a test population. The symbol EC50 means efficiency concentration for mobility suppression of 50% a test population. The symbol IC50 means inhibition concentration for 50% of a population in a test for respiratory suppression. [Pg.19]

In animal studies, gross overdose of pomegranate peel led to respiratory suppression (dose, product, and route of administration not reported in English language translation) (Chen and Chen 2004). [Pg.716]

The antitussive effects of opioids occur both centrally and peripherally. Mu-receptors [24] in the brainstem cough center and in the sensory arm of the vagus nerve, which controls airway reflexes, appear to mediate this effect. The weak analgesia associated with codeine makes it a good choice as an antitussive and it has frequently been used as a component of cough syrups. These cough syrups are sold over-the-counter in some areas and have been a source of opioid misuse and diversion. Codeine is not an active antitussive in young children and has potential for respiratory suppression in this patient populatiOTi for that reason, it is not recommended for children [25]. [Pg.1378]

M6G possesses many morphine-like properties, and several preliminary studies suggest it may provide analgesia comparable to morphine with similar onset and longer duration of action. It appears to induce less nausea and respiratory suppression, two of the most troublesome side effects of opioid analgesia, than... [Pg.476]

Many authors of clinical trials evaluating M6G believe it is rehably effective and possesses desirable properties distinct from commercially available pain medications, warranting its availability as an opioid analgesic. The development of a powerful opioid with minimal risk of nausea and respiratory suppression would undoubtedly be welcomed by physicians treating acute and chronic pain. While M6G is currently being evaluated in phase 3 trials, larger clinical studies are needed to further characterize its safety and efficacy. [Pg.478]

Complications of surgeries, especially those on the abdomen or throat, necessitate skeletal muscle relaxation prior to surgery. Before the introduction of muscle relaxation, this was achieved by deep anaesthesia which itself is a hazard for patients (cardiac complications, respiratory suppression). Deep anaesthesia is no longer required by virtue of neuromuscular blocking agents providing adequate muscle relaxation for all surgical requirements. [Pg.329]

Atropiae (41), isolated from the deadly nightshade Airopa belladonna L.) is the racemic form, as isolated, of (—)-hyoscyamine [which is not isolated, of course, from the same plant but is typically found ia solanaceous plants such as henbane (HyosQiamus mgerl. )]. Atropiae is used to dilate the pupil of the eye ia ocular inflammations and is available both as a parasympatholytic agent for relaxation of the intestinal tract and to suppress secretions of the saUvary, gastric, and respiratory tracts. In conjunction with other agents it is used as part of an antidote mixture for organophosphorus poisons (see Chemicals in war). [Pg.537]

The CNS stimulants include the analeptics, drugs tiiat stimulate the respiratory center of the CNS the amphetamines, drugs witii a high abuse potential because of dieir ability to produce euphoria and wakefulness and the anorexiants, drugs used to suppress die appetite... [Pg.246]

Personality variables, state of mind at time of withdrawal, and expectations of severity of symptoms all may affect withdrawal severity (Kleber 1981). One study found that merely providing addicts information about the withdrawal syndrome resulted in lower levels of withdrawal symptoms (Green and Gos-sop 1988). Naloxone rapidly induces a severe withdrawal syndrome, which peaks within 30 minutes and then declines rapidly. Until the antagonist is eliminated, only partial suppression of the withdrawal syndrome is possible, and then only by using very high opioid doses, which may cause respiratory depression when naloxone is metabolized. [Pg.71]

The large numbers of opioid receptors in areas of the brainstem such as the solitary tract and adjacent areas are probably related to respiratory effects of opiates, cough suppression and nausea and vomiting. Opiates acting in the brainstem reduce the sensitivity of the respiratory centres to pC02 and this is the most common cause of death from overdose with street use of opiates. [Pg.471]

Hydroxyurea is an oral drug that inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, which converts ribonucleotides into the deoxyribuon-cleotides used in DNA synthesis and repair. The time to peak concentrations of hydroxyurea is 1 to 2 hours after oral administration. Approximately 50% is degraded by the liver to form urea and respiratory carbon dioxide. The remainder is excreted by the kidney. The half-life ranges from 3.5 to 4.5 hours. Hydroxyurea has shown clinical activity in the treatment of chronic myelocytic leukemia, polycythemia vera, and thrombocytosis. The major side effects are myelo-suppression, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. Rash, mucositis, and renal tubular dysfunction occur rarely. [Pg.1292]

Coughing is a useful physiologic device utilized to clear the respiratory tract of foreign substances and excessive secretions. Coughing, however, does not always serve a useful purpose but can rob the patient of sleep. A number of agents are available to suppress this. Many of these are narcotic and have an undesirable abuse potential. One of the agents available which is claimed to be nonnarcotic is amicibone (45). The synthesis involves base-catalyzed alkylation of benzyl cyclohexan-ecarboxylate (44) with p-hexamethyleneiminoethyl chloride a reaction which may go through an aziridinium intermediate. [Pg.11]

Toxoflavin reduced the respiratory oxygen consumption of mitochondria and suppressed the oxidative phosphorylation activity (91 Mil). [Pg.262]

No significant harmful health effects to humans or animals are expected from exposure to this pathogen unless the individual has a compromised respiratory system or suppressed immune system. Direct contact with large quantities of B. subtilis spores may cause redness or irritation of the skin. [Pg.499]


See other pages where Respiratory suppressants is mentioned: [Pg.146]    [Pg.210]    [Pg.29]    [Pg.681]    [Pg.283]    [Pg.222]    [Pg.193]    [Pg.426]    [Pg.146]    [Pg.210]    [Pg.29]    [Pg.681]    [Pg.283]    [Pg.222]    [Pg.193]    [Pg.426]    [Pg.411]    [Pg.43]    [Pg.111]    [Pg.195]    [Pg.327]    [Pg.119]    [Pg.81]    [Pg.264]    [Pg.105]    [Pg.1214]    [Pg.1225]    [Pg.93]    [Pg.80]    [Pg.127]    [Pg.485]    [Pg.893]    [Pg.162]    [Pg.493]    [Pg.527]    [Pg.603]    [Pg.198]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.2 , Pg.2 , Pg.5 , Pg.7 , Pg.18 , Pg.21 , Pg.23 , Pg.25 ]




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