Respiratory irritancy

Chlorine is a respiratory irritant. The gas irritates the mucus membranes and the liquid burns the skin. As little as 3.5 ppm can be detected as an odor, and 1000 ppm is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths. In fact, chlorine was used as a war gas in 1915. 

Chlorine gas is a respiratory irritant and is readily detectable at concentrations of <1 ppm in air because of its penetrating odor. Chlorine gas, after several hours of exposure, causes mild irritation of the eyes and of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. At high concentrations and in extreme situations, increased difficulty in breathing can result in death through suffocation. The physiological response to various levels of chlorine gas is given in Table 19. 

Health and Safety Factors. Animal-feeding studies of DMPPO itself have shown it to be nontoxic on ingestion. The solvents, catalyst, and monomers that are used to prepare the polymers, however, should be handled with caution. Eor example, for the preparation of DMPPO, the amines used as part of the catalyst are flammable toxic on ingestion, absorption, and inhalation and are also severe skin and respiratory irritants (see Amines). Toluene, a solvent for DMPPO, is not a highly toxic material in inhalation testing the TLV (71) is set at 375 mg/m, and the lowest toxic concentration is reported to be 100—200 ppm (72). Toxicity of 2,6-dimethylphenol is typical of alkylphenols (qv), eg, for mice, the acute dermal toxicity is LD q, 4000 mg/kg, whereas the acute oral toxicity is LD q, 980 mg/kg (73). The Noryl blends of DMPPO and polystyrene have PDA approval for reuse food apphcations. 

Health and Safety Factors. Phloroglucinol has low toxicity by ingestion. Prolonged severe overexposure may dismpt the thyroid function. High dust concentration may cause respiratory irritation the product is irritating to eyes and skin. Toxicity data include LD q oral (rat) = 5800 mg/kg ... 

Inhalation of crystalline or fused vitreous silica dust, usually overlong periods, causes a disabling, progressive pulmonary disease known as silicosis (84). Amorphous siUcas have not been linked to siUcosis (85), but can cause respiratory irritation. The history and poHtics of siUcosis have been reviewed (86). Standards have been set or recommended for occupational exposures (87,88) and review articles on the health effects of siUca are available (83,89). 

Sohd metal soaps, when finely divided, may present an explosion ha2ard and are capable of spontaneous combustion. Inhalation of the dust can cause eye and/or respiratory irritation, so they require adequate ventilation. 

Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (cycHc trimer) is a respiratory irritant. Nausea has also been noted on exposure (10). Intravenous and intraperitoneal toxicity measurements were made on mice. The highest nonlethal dose (LDq) was measured as 20 mg/kg (11). Linear chloropolymer is also beUeved to be toxic (10). Upon organic substitution, the high molecular weight linear polymers have been shown to be inert. Rat implants of eight different polyphosphazene homopolymers indicated low levels of tissue toxicity (12). EZ has been found to be reasonably compatible with blood (13), and has lower hpid absorption than fiuorosihcone. 

Alcohols Used as a solvent in coatings Surface coatings, printing Sensory and respiratory irritation... 

Sulfur dioxide Fuel combustion (coal, oil), smelting and casting, manufacture of paper by sulfite process Primary metals (ferrous and nonferrous) pulp and paper Sensory and respiratory irritation, vegetation damage, corrosion, possible adverse effect on health... 

Exposure effects Inhalation (general) Respiratory irritation Ingestion Skin/eye irritation Skin and respiratory sensitization Mutagenicity Teratogenicity Carcinogenicity ... 

Vanadium Pollution control, e.g. removal of hydrogen sulphide and in manufacture of sulphuric acid Respiratory irritation green-black tongue (transient)... 

Phenol formaldehyde. Eormaldehyde is a respiratory irritant but is not classified as asthmagen. Powder coatings containing triglycidyl isocyanurate are possible asthmagens (unclassified)... 

Aliphatic and cycloaliphatic amine curing agents irritants, sensitizers, corrosive, absorbed through skin, respiratory irritants high toxicity... 

Aromatic amine curing agents sensitizers, longterm health effects, absorbed through skin respiratory irritants sensitizers moderate to high toxicity... 

Aluminium chloride (anhydrous) AICI3 Orange, yellow, grey or white powder which is a severe respiratory irritant and can cause skin/eye burns Reacts with air moisture to form corrosive HCI gas Violent reaction when a stream of water hits a large amount Do not use water in vicinity... 

Formaldehyde has been rated as a possible carcinogen by the United States Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) rules and should be handled with due caution. It is also a strong lacrymator and choking respiratory irritant. It irritates the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes [76]. Since it is used for tanning leather, it is obvious that fonnaldehyde has a high potential for reactions with proteins. Formaldehyde gas is flammable and most formalin solutions contain significant amounts of methanol, which is also volatile, toxic, and flammable. 

Fire Hazards - Flash Point (deg. F) 20 CC Flammable Limits in Air (%) 2.8 - 14.4 Fire Extinguishing Agents Stop flow of gas. Use water spray, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical for fires in water solutions Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to be Used Do not use foam Special Hazards of Combustion Products Vapors are eye, skin and respiratory irritants Behavior in Fire Not pertinent Ignition Temperature (deg. F) 756 Electrical Hazard Data not available Burning Rate 4.5 mm/min. 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Dust mask goggles or face shield protective gloves Symptoms Following Exposure Inhalation causes respiratory irritation. Ingest ion causes severe burn of mouth and stomach. Contact with eyes or skin causes irritation and caustic bums General Treatment for Exposure INHALATION remove from exposure support... 

Respiratory Effects. No reports were located indicating that endosulfan is a significant respiratory irritant. However, respiratory effects (e.g., hypoxia, dyspnea, and cyanosis) have been observed in... 

When heated, emits phosgene Orange, yellow, grey or white powder which is a severe respiratory irritant and can cause skin/eye burns... 

If nitrogen or sulphur is present in the fuel then the mixture of combustion products may include oxides of these elements. In the absence of excess oxygen incomplete oxidation occurs to produce partially oxidized carbon compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is extremely toxic and some of the other compounds are respiratory irritants. 

This demonstrates how the oxygen is depleted resulting, as summarized in Chapter 6, in an irrespirable atmosphere rich in nitrogen. High temperature combustion may also result in the generation of oxides of nitrogen, NO, which are respiratory irritants. 

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