Respiration inhibition test

Table 6 Results of biodegradation according to respiration inhibition test OECD 301F.

Klecka GM, Landi LP, Bodner KM. 1985. Evaluation of the OECD activated sludge, respiration inhibition test. Chemosphere. 14 1239-1251. 

Yoshioka Y, Nagase H, Ose Y, Sato T. 1986. Evaluation of the test method "activated sludge, respiration inhibition test" proposed by the OECD. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 12(3) 206-212. 

OECD] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1984. Activated sludge, respiration inhibition test, test guideline 209, adopted 4 April 1984. 

Fig. 7.2. Activated sludge respiration inhibition test. Oxygen uptake due to addition of synthetic sewage to activated sludge (A) with test effluent and (B) with tap water.

EC C.IL Biodegradation Activated sludge respiration inhibition test. Directive 67/548/EEC, AnnexV.(1988)... 

Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test (original guideline, adopted April 4, 1984)... 

Figure 3.1.5 Range of EC50 values obtained with Respiration inhibition test using 3,5 dichlorophenol...

The MTC values for the various effluents samples tested in the trial ranged from 5 to 48%. Effluents can exhibit a wide range of toxicities. Comparison of the results with nitrification and respiration inhibition tests where applicable showed that the MARA detected toxicity. 

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (1984a) Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals. Section 2 — Effects on Biotic Systems. 209 — Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test. OECD, Paris. 

OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals 209 Activated Sludge Respiration Inhibition Test, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France, 1984. 

There are data available on biodegradation (for surface water) from tests conducted according to OECD 301F (respiration inhibition). These data are outlined in Table 6. 

Historically, respirometers have been used for wastewater biodegradability evaluation. More recently [52], a mobile on-line respirometer was proposed and tested for monitoring the activated sludge inhibition due to industrial discharges in a sewer network. A derived portable device called a Baroxymeter [53], based on monitoring the respiration of a bacterial culture by pressure measurements and using respiration inhibition as a toxicity alert, was proposed for the rapid detection of the toxicity effect of some toxic substances. 

Fig. 7.1. Idealized dose-response relation between measured toxic effect, e.g., respiration inhibition, and concentration of test substance or effluent.

For the Respiration Inhibition (RI) test performed routinely at the aforementioned laboratory the range of EC50 values obtained over a period of several months ranged from 4.5 to lO.Omg l-1. The AQC plot of these values is given in Figure 3.1.5. 

Einabarawy, M. T., Robideau, R. R., Beach, S. A. (1988) Comparison of three rapid toxicity test proeedures Microtox , Polytox and activate sludge respiration inhibition. Toxicity Assessment 3 361-370. 

Respiration inhibition of activated sludge organisms 50% at concentrations >50mg/l (test according OECD Guideline 209). 

Bioassays. The biological activities of the synthetic peptides were determined using assay methods that were adapted to require only small amounts of peptide. Antifungal and antibacterial bioassays were performed in 96-well microtiter plates. Potential phytotoxicity was routinely evaluated using an oxygen electrode to measure inhibition of photosynthesis or respiration. All tests included magainin 1 or magainin 2 as a standard reference. Assay conditions were established to compare the relative activities of peptides, the absolute values cannot be extrapolated directly to activities in the field. 

One type of test measures the inhibition of respiration of bacterial cells on pieces of pig skin by the substance under test. Here, the factor of correlation between cell death and cessation of respiration should be borne in mind. 

Chromatographic Separations and Implications. Fractionation of hydrilla-inhibiting extracts has perhaps produced the most interesting results concerning the basis for hydrilla inhibition. Two fractions were generated, and best results were obtained with an older, preparative-scale Zorbax column. The effect of both fractions on hydrilla was tested using Warburg apparatus the first fraction did not affect either plant respiration or photosynthesis. The... 

Polarographic studies of a mitochondrial fraction from Hymenolepis diminuta showed that of four substrates tested, DL-glycerol-3-phosphate was the most rapidly oxidized, but the highest respiratory control ratio (1.7) was obtained with dl-isocitric acid. With isocitrate as substrate oxyclozanide at 1.61 nM stimulated O uptake and relieved oligomycin inhibition of adinosine diphosphate-stimulated respiration, but at concentrations above 2 pM progressively inhibited O uptake. Rafoxanide, niclosamide, 3,4,5-tribromo-salicylanilide, nitroxynil, resorantel, di-chlorophen, and 2,4-dinitrophenol exhibited effects similar to those of oxyclozanide on the respiration in cestode mitochondria. The relative potencies were compared and the possible mode of action discussed [38]. 

Other work has indicated that chlordane and heptachlor are energy transfer inhibitors as evidenced by marked decreases in oxidative phosphorylation of rat hepatic mitochondria following in vitro incubation of the mitochondria with the pesticides (Ogata et al. 1989). Interestingly, even though heptachlor epoxide is more toxic than either chlordane or heptachlor in tests of general toxicity, it was less effective in inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. 

Stiles et al.43 found artemisinin to inhibit respiration in Lemna minor, but the compound strongly stimulates oxygen uptake by lettuce root tips.6 All mitotic phases of onion root tips are inhibited by the compound, and it induces a low level of abnormal mitotic figures.6 Dayan et al.6 conducted a battery of simple physiological tests with several artemisinin analogues. All phytotoxic compounds had similar effects, indicating a common mode of action. In summary, the mode of action results with artemisinin as a phytotoxin are not definitive. 

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