Resource cascading

The best strategy for recycling has been the subject of much discussion. An interesting proposal for such a strategy aims at resource cascading the maximum exploitation of the quality (as well as value and performance) and service time of resources [58,59]. This strategy will be used as a backdrop for what probably currently is the best example of discarded nanocomposite product recycling the... 

Box 12.3 Descending steps in the current resource cascade for end-oflife tires [60,62-64]. 

To the extent that degradation of the material occurs, the introduction of self-healing properties may also be considered. These have as yet no commercial application, but self-healing properties have been experimentally demonstrated in the case of polydimethylsiloxanes and Diels-Alder elastomers [68]. From the point of view of resource cascading, it is important that the inclusion of substances conferring self-healing properties does not interfere with later stages in the resource cascade. 

In the following, the options for resource cascading will be considered descending along the resource cascade [51,69,79,90]. 

The best option for resource cascading of nanocomposites would be reuse of the same product and recycling of production scrap into high-quality products. 

This type of chemical recycling has an environmental impact that may be substantially better than the next option in the resource cascade incineration with energy recovery [69]. 

The lowest recycling-type step of the resource cascade for nanocomposites is usually incineration with energy recovery [69,79]. To the extent that nanocomposites are incinerated that contain nanopartides serving as fire retardants, it is to be expected that the calorific value of the nanocomposite will turn out to be lower than the corresponding value of the neat polymer [61]. 

Reijnders, L (2007) Improving resource cascading, in Trends in Conservation and Recydir of Resources (ed. C.V. Loefie), Nova Sdence Publishers, New York. 

Keyword Carbocycles a Cascade Reactions a Cycloadditions a Combinatorial Chemistry a Domino Reactions a Enantioselective Transformations a Ene Reactions a Eieterocydes a Natural products a Preservation of Resources and Environment a Sigmatropic Rearrangements a Tandem Reactions a Transition Metal-Catalyzed Transformations... 

Virtually all published chain-link or cascading models linking vendor resource inputs with customer-level profits share roots in Heskett, et al. s (1994) Service-Profit Chain (SPC). Examples include its derivatives (e.g. Kamakura, Mittal, de Rose, Mazzon, 2002 Love-man, 1998 Soteriou Zenios, 1999), the return-on-quality (ROQ) framework (Rust, Zahorik, Keiningham, 1995), and the general satisfaction-profit chain (Anderson Mittal, 2000). Further, with one exception (Bowman Narayandas, 2004), all are developed in a consumer setting. 

Haberl, H., Geissler, S. 2000. Cascade utilization of biomass strategies for a more efficient use of a scarce resource. Ecol Eng 16 S111-S121. 

To summarize, the responsiveness of phenylpropanoid metabolism to abiotic stressors that can severely and irreversible affect several plant processes constitute a critical trait to increase reproductive fitness and survival of land plants [Raushier, 2006]. The timely activation of the pathway is tightly regulated by a complex network of receptors, signaling cascades, and transcriptional regulators [Swindell, 2006] that integrate internal and external cues and ensure optimal use of metabolic resources. 

An incident creates a dynamic environment, the decisions made in the initial analysis and the corresponding responses are critical to a desirable outcome. The continued thoughtful consideration of the interdependencies between the hazards, location, equipment, personnel, and cascading effects will make for sound decision making and appropriate resource allocation. 

Appreciation is expressed to M.T. Osolnik, R.H. Postley, and the superintendent and staff of Mammoth Cave National Park for their assistance in the Mammoth Cave study, which was funded by the Office of Water Resources Research (now the Office of Water Research and Technology), U.S. Department of the Interior and to J. Tierney, park naturalist, and the staff of Carter Caves State Resort Park for their cooperation in the study of Cascade and X caves. 

The smell of death comes in multiple forms, each of which can directly and indirectly affect crustacean behavior, ecology, and the role of crustaceans in community organization and ecosystem function. The smell of conspecific death is a powerful determinant of individual behavior that can cascade up to have larger scale consequences. Additionally, microbes can use chemical signals to gain preferential access to nutritionally rich, food-fall resources and make these less available to crustacean scavengers. Each of these situations is discussed briefly below. 

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