Resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Xia, W. Wang, Y. Bergstrafier, R. Kundu, S. Muhler, M., Surface characterization of oxygen-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption. Appt. Surface Science 2007,254 247-250. 

Shard, A.G., Sartore, L., Davies, M.C., Ferruti, E, Paul, A.J., Beamson, G. (1995) Investigation of the surface chemical structure of some biomedical poly (amidoamine) s using high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Macromolecules, 28,8259-8271. 

France, RM Short, RD. Plasma treatment of polymers The effeet of energy transfer from an argon plasma on the smface chemistry of polystyrene, and polypropylene. A high-energy resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study. Langmuir, 1998, 14, 4827-4835. 

The valence states of metal cations in such materials can certainly be determined chemically using the redox titration, but it is inapplicable to nanophase or nanostructured materials, such as thin films. The wet chemistry approaches usually do not provide any spatial resolution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can provide information on the average distribution of cation valences for nanostructured materials with certain spatial resolution, but the spatial resolution is nowhere near the desired nanometer scale, and the information provided is limited to a surface layer of 2 to 5 nm in thickness. 

Golovchak R., Shpotyuk 0., Koz5nikhin S., Kovalsky A., Miller A. C., and Jain H., Structural paradigm of Se-rich Ge-Se glasses by high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Appl. Phys., 105, 103704-7 (2009). 

Fang Y, LiuB, Terano M Photo-stabihty of surface chromate species onPhithps Cr0x/Si02 catalysts isothermaUy calcined at various temperatures, probed by high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Appl Catal A Gen 279(1-2) 131-138, 2005a. 

XPS is also often perfonned employing syncln-otron radiation as the excitation source [59]. This technique is sometimes called soft x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SXPS) to distinguish it from laboratory XPS. The use of syncluotron radiation has two major advantages (1) a much higher spectral resolution can be achieved and (2) the photon energy of the excitation can be adjusted which, in turn, allows for a particular electron kinetic energy to be selected. 

Neutron reflectivity provides a depth resolution of 1 nm and fills an important gap in the resolution between X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ion-beam techniques. In this regard, neutron reflectivity promises to play a decisive role in the investigation of solid materials. Equally important is the fact that reflectivity meas-... 

Roughness from sputtering causes loss of depth resolution in depth profiling for Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and SIMS. 

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy analysis of the samples was performed with a Surface Science Instruments spectrometer (SSI 100) with a resolution (FWHM Au 4f7/2) of 1.0 eV. The X-ray beam was a monochromatised AlKa radiation (1486.6 eV). A charge neutraliser (flood gun) was adjusted at an energy of 6 eV. As the Cls spectra of these compounds were very complex, the binding energies were referenced to the binding energy of Ols, considered experimentally to be at 531.8 eV [8). 

In the present study, we synthesized in zeolite cavities Co-Mo binary sulfide clusters by using Co and Mo carbonyls and characterized the clusters by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). The mechanism of catalytic synergy generation in HDS is discussed. 

We shall concern ourselves here with the use of an X-ray probe as a surface analysis technique in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA). High energy photons constitute the XPS probe, which are less damaging than an electron probe, therefore XPS is the favoured technique for the analysis of the surface chemistry of radiation sensitive materials. The X-ray probe has the disadvantage that, unlike an electron beam, it cannot be focussed to permit high spatial resolution imaging of the surface. 

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is frequently applied in the fields of catalysis and polymer technology. It has poor spatial resolution, and is generally limited to homogenous samples. Radiation sensitive materials are more appropriate for XPS analysis, as the X-ray beam is less damaging to the specimen surface than the electron beam used in AES, partly due to the lower flux densities that are used. 

The work of Siegbahn s group who, in the 1950s, improved the energy resolution of electron spectrometers and combined it with X-ray sources. This led to a technique called electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), nowadays more commonly referred to as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [6]. Siegbahn received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1981. Commercial instruments have been available since the early seventies. 

In the already briefly mentioned paper, Friedrichs et al. [26] carried out very elegant HRTEM (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) studies of the initial stages of the formation of MgO/ Mg(OH) on the ball-milled nanocrystalline MgH (BM-MgH ) and Mg (BM-Mg) powders, the latter obtained after hydrogen desorption of the former with particle... 

The experiments were performed in stainless steel UHV chambers which were equipped with the instrumentation necessary to perform Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED), work function measurements (A( )), High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS), and Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD). The Au(lll) crystal was heated resist vely and cooled by direct contact of the crystal mounting block with a liquid nitrogen reservoir. The temperature of the Au(lll) crystal was monitored directly by means of a... 

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