Resistance development mosquito vectors

OPs and CMs arc the most commonly used pesticides throughout the world. This is partly due to their lack of residue persistence in the environment and in exposed individuals and also due to lesser resistance development in insects compared to the orgaiiochlorine pesticides. From the public health standpoint, in today s world the use of pesticides is a mu.st rather than an option. For example, sporadic incidence.s of West Nile virus are reported in many countries, whereas malaria is still a major problem in developing countries. In both cases, the common vector is the mosquito. Without the use of pesticides against vectors of diseases, the impact on human and animal health would be devastating and the economic loss would be enormous. On the one hand, the world is greatly benefited from the use of... 

Once again, there are striking parallels in human epidemics with the development of resistant strains of viral and bacterial diseases and resistant vectors of disease. See John Wargo s discussion of malaria and its carrier, the Anopheles mosquito, in Our Children s Toxic Legacy How Science and Law Fail to Protect Us from Pesticides (New Haven Yale University Press, 1996), pp. 15-42. 

The use of pesticides in Kenya dates back to the colonial era. The major areas of application include agricultural pest control and the public health control of mosquitoes, snails, and tsetse flies. However, with the rapid development of resistance of pests to the chemicals, coupled with environmental persistence, most of the organochlorines have been banned for agricultural use and restricted in the case of public health vector control. Nevertheless, there are detectable residue levels of these compoimds in amounts that lead to concern for food chain magnification. These levels arise either fi om previous application or unscrupulous use through illegal means. 

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