Residues in Food

Food safety is a key issue in modern society, because we are exposed to food from birth to death. Plant protection products are often used on food crops, biocides in food factories, or animal housing. Therefore, tests are required to determine the risk of pesticide residues in the raw agricultural commodity (RAC) and the processed food products. 

The first step is to identify the critical crops and the compounds for which residue studies must be conducted. The breakdown and reaction products and metabolites in treated plants and products are often identified after treatment with a C-14 labeled test substance in plant metabolism studies. The objective is to determine the fate of the parent substance and its metabolites in the crop plants and their processing products. From the results of the studies, the relevant residues are defined residue definition). For example, in plants glyphosate is converted to its main metabolite AMPA (= aminomethylphospohonic acid), which was also studied as part of the residue assessment. 

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Magnitude of the residue in potable water, fish, irrigated crops Magnitude of the residue in food handling estabHshments... 

Principles for the Toxicological Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Food, IPCS Environmental Health Criteria Document No. 104, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzedand, 1990, 117 pp. 

The development of analytical strategies for the regulatory control of dmg residues in food-producing animals has also been reviewed (128). Because of the complexity of biological matrices such as eggs (qv), milk, meat, and dmg feeds, weU-designed off-line or on-line sample treatment procedures are essential. 

Tissue residues in food-producing animals to document persistence in edible tissues. 

UK Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food and Flealth and Safety Executive, Annual Report of the Working Party on Pesticide Residues in Food (1997), MAFF Publications, London, 1997. lARC, Monographs on the Evabiation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Hnmans Volume 56 Some Naturally Occurring Substances Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins, WFIO, Geneva, 1979, p. 397. 

R. J. Heitzman, Veterinary Drug Residues. Residues in Food Producing Animals and their Products Reference Materials and Methods, Final Report EUR 14126EN, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities Luxembourg, 1992. 

K. Grob and R Kalin, Attempt foi an on-line size exclusion clnomatography method for analyzing pesticide residues in foods , 7. Agric. Food Chem. 39 1950-1953(1991). 

FAO. 1980. Pesticide residues in food 1979 Evaluations. Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization. 367-368. 

Minyard JP, Roberts WE. 1991. State findings on pesticide residues in foods—1988-1989. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 74 438-453. 

Okumura D, Melnicoe R, Jackson T, et al. 1989. Pesticide residues in food crops analyzed by the California Department of Food and Agriculture in 1989. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 118 87-152. 

WHO. 1976. 1975 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food. World Health Organization Pesticide Residue Series., No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization, 242-255. 

Vol. 151. Pesticide Residue in Foods Methods, Technologies, and Regulations. By W. George Fong, H. Anson Moye, James N. Seiber, and John P. Toth... 

Corneliussen PE. 1970. Residues in food and feed Pesticide residues in total diet samples (V). Pestic Monit 14 89-105. 

FAOAVHO. 1976. Pesticide residues in food. Report of the 1975 Joint Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticides Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues. Geneva, Switzerland Food and Agricultural Orgaiuzafion of the United Nations and World Health Organization. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series no. 1, WHO Technical Report Series no. 592. 

FDA. 1988. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) pesticide program Residues in foods 1987. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71 156A-174A. 

Fukuhara K, Takeda M, Uchiyama M. 1977. [Studies on analysis of pesticide residues in foods (XXV) Analytical method for endosulfan in crops.] ShokuhinEiseigakuZasshi 18 149-153. (Japanese)... 

Gaido K, Dohme L, Wang F, et al. 1998. Comparative estrogenic activity of wine extracts and organochlorine pesticide residues in food. Environ Health Perspect 106(6) 1347-1351. 

Daft JL. 1988. Rapid determination of fumigant and industrial chemical residues in food. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71 748-760. 

Table 2 Agencies and other organizations in the USA that conduct analyses for pesticide residues in foods...

H.A. Moye, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in Pesticide Residues in Foods Methods, Techniques, and Regulations, W.G. Fong, H.A. Moye, J.N. Seiber, and J.P. Toth (eds), Wiley, New York, Chapt. 6 (1999). 

Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), Pesticide Residues in Food Technologies for Detection, US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC (1988). 

According to Directive 96/68/EC, an analytical method for the determination of residues in food of animal origin is not required when metabolism study in animals is not required. On the other hand, according to Point 6.4 of the Directive, where a feeding study is required, an analytical method for the determination of residues in products of animal origin must be submitted. In other cases, the requirement for an analytical method depends on the establishment of an MRL for food commodities of animal origin. 

Two additional requirements are specific to the analysis of residues in food. The first requirement depends on the LOQ to be achieved (see Table 5). 

Best practices in establishing detection and quantification limits for pesticide residues in foods 61... 

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