Bulk tests

Jonck, L. M., Grobbelaar, C. J. Strafing, H. (1989). The biocompatibility of glass-ionomer cement in joint replacement bulk testing. Clinical Materials, 4, 85-107. 

Production and Process Controls Critical Manufacturing Steps, Equipment Identification, In-Line and Bulk Testing, Actual Yield, Personnel Habits... 

Figure 8. Information captured for the bulk test chemical usage inventory (Reproduced with permission from Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc.).

If the water is first concentrated to one-fiftieth of its bulk, tests may be carried out for magnesia and phosphates. The former is precipitated as magnesium ammonium phosphate on standing for some twenty-four hours after addition of sodium phosphate solution to the water rendered alkaline with ammonium hydroxide in the presence of chloride. It is assumed that any lime has previously been removed with ammonium oxalate. Phosphates are precipitated as yellow phosphomolybdate on adding excess of ammonium molybdate solution to the water acidified with nitric acid, and warming. 

A major difficulty is the proper selection of foam-forming surfactants for the challenging environments involved in petroleum reservoir applications, since many characteristics are thought to be necessary for performance, including good tolerance of the foam to interaction with crude oil in porous media [66, 102]. Here, the physical situation is even more complex than for bulk foams due to influences of pore structure, wettability and oil saturation. For both bulk foams and foams in porous media, oil-sensitive foams are usually less stable as increasing amounts of emulsified oil are contacted (bulk tests) or in the presence... 

The most commonly used philosophy is to design a bulk test facility that simulates the process stress. 

The test speed recommended by the standard ISO 11003-2 is 0.5 mm/min. However, a constant crosshead displacement rate will induce an accelerating strain rate in the adhesive once it starts yielding, influencing the yielding properties. This is a common feature of all the joint tests, contrarily to the bulk tests where the strain rate is much more constant for a given crosshead rate. To have a constant adhesive strain rate, the crosshead speed can be controlled using the adhesive displacement measurements. 

As discussed in O Sect. 20.1, fracture tests on bulk adhesive specimens are frequently undertaken as part of the materials development process. Loading is necessarily in mode I in bulk tests as even if other loading modes are applied, the crack path will tend to deviate to mn locally in mode I. Values of Kic or G c are determined, and these relate to the toughness of the bulk adhesive. The tests are very sensitive to the initial notching conditions and the values are those associated with crack initiation (unless steady-state propagation is clearly observed in the CT specimens). 

ISO 899 Part 1 Plastics - Determination of creep behavior specifies a method for determining the tensile creep of plastics in the form of standard bulk test specimens as specified in ISO 527. The method is suitable for use with rigid and semirigid and filled plastics materials and can be apphed to the testing of adhesive bulk specimen in the form of dumb-bell shaped test specimens molded directly or machined from molded sheets. The method is intended to... 

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