Replica definition

The structure of the chapter is as follows. First, we start with a brief introduction of the important theoretical developments and relevant interesting experimental observations. In Sec. 2 we present fundamental relations of the liquid-state replica methodology. These include the definitions of the partition function and averaged grand thermodynamic potential, the fluctuations in the system and the correlation functions. In the second part of... 

The axes of the reciprocal lattice, remember, maintain a fixed orientation with respect to the real axes of the crystal by definition, regardless of the crystal s orientation. That is, if the crystal is rotated, the reciprocal lattice is rotated as well. If the crystal is continuously reoriented in a specific manner about its center by some constant motion, all of the points on a single reciprocal lattice plane, or region of reciprocal space, can be made to systematically pass through the sphere of reflection. If the film is maintained constantly parallel with a reciprocal lattice plane by mechanical linkage to the crystal, a magnified but otherwise undistorted replica of the reciprocal lattice plane will be recorded on the film. This principle, proposed by de Jong and Bouman (1938), was the basis for some of the more widely used... 

History buffs will love the restoration that has made Colonial Williamsburg one of Virginia s most popular tourist destinations. The town has been recreated to resemble Williamsburg in 1775, the year before the Revolutionary War. Actors play the parts of local craftspeople, selling replicas of colonial wares. It can get crowded at times but it s definitely worth a visit. 

In contrast to statistical mechanics, the theory is not concerned with "states" that describe outcomes of measurements performed on an ergodlc system over long periods of time, or with "states" that describe the subjective knowledge of an observer possessing only partial information about the "actual state" of a system, or with any other type of "state" that does not correspond to identically prepared replicas of a system as defined later. These distinctions among the various definitions of the term state are motivated by important physical considerations that will be touched upon later. 

Now suppose we are able to create a circuit in which the amount the current ramps up by in the on-time (AIon) is exactly equal to the amount the current ramps down by during the off-time (AIoff)- If that happens, we would have reached a steady state. Now we could repeat the same sequence an innumerable amount of times, and get the same result each and every time. In other words, every switching cycle would then be an exact replica of the previous cycle. Further, we could also perhaps get our circuit to deliver a steady stream of (identical) energy packets continuously to an output capacitor and load. If we could do that, by definition, we would have created a power converter ... 

Replicas of these slides were prepared immediately after the contact angle measurements were completed. Saturated monolayers were expected to be stable, but rearrangement in incomplete monolayers, or in monolayers incorporating appreciable amounts of solvent, was considered a definite possibility [2]. Just before the specimen was placed in the evaporator, a water suspension of polystyrene latex spheres of about 0.09-micron diameter was sprayed onto the monolayered surface with a nebulizer. The presence of a sphere in the micrograph allows quick differentiation between holes in a nearly complete film and islands of acid molecules rising above the substrate surface. The spheres... 

Replicas of gratings can be made successfully and can provide excellent resolution and high reflection efficiency and definition. They usually have somewhat higher scattered light properties than do originals. Most producers of replica gratings do not make the details of their processes available. One method, however, is to prepare a collodion solution, flow it over a grating, allow it to set, strip it off, and mount it on a permanent base. 

True models involve building all significant process features to scale. Thus the model is an exact replica of the prototype, that is, of the commercial plant. We build true models in some safety investigations to determine definitely the cause of a specific, safety event. Automobile manufacturers use true models when gathering crash data about the vehicles they plan to market. For complex processes, a complete model is actually a full-scale prototype, that is, a true model [7]. While true models may provide highly accurate information, they are capital intensive, expensive to operate, and require extended time periods to build. 

Question (3). A shadowed carbon replica of an etched sample contains little or no polymer. If it contains the information required, it is an excellent way of producing a less sensitive sample. Stains by definition increase the contrast of the specimen, but do not necessarily increase the stability of the image. Some stains, such as iodine, are rapidly driven off by irradiation in vacuum while others are completely stable. 

The "ontogenesis" of the simplest virus, as a process of definite development, of increasing the complexity of its organization, its elementary morphogenesis, thus consists of two processes one structural component of the virus, namely its RNA molecule (parent RNA) carries out the sjmthesis of two heterogeneous structures in the host cell, both different from the parent RNA itself a) complementary RNA (replica RNA) and b) virus-specific protein, or two-three proteins complementary RNA later is used to synthesize virus-specific RNA. 

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