Removal from hemolymph

In diapausing females of the Savio strain of L. migratoria. the basal activity of the CA is totally inhibited in vivo, as established by the arrest of oocyte development and absence of JH in the hemolymph (27). However, these same glands are immediately activated when they are incubated in vitro (i. e., denervated and removed from their natural milieu), indicating that their maturation has not been retarded. In vivo denervation of the glands (NCA-I transection) in diapausing females elicits elevated JH titer and induces oocyte development, indicating that this short-term inhibition is axonally imposed. 

Fig. 21.6 Effects of emersion on hemolymph CHH (circles, solid line). Lobsters were removed from the water and placed in an incubator at ambient temperature (13.0°C). Hemolymph was sampled from these animals at various time points. Controls were matched siblings that were left immersed at 13°C and sampled at the same time points. Lobsters ranged in wet weight from 100 to 145 g. Means standard deviations are shown. Control data are represented by the triangles and dashed line. Asterisks indicate significant differences from immersed controls at P < 0.01 (double asterisk) and atP < 0.001 (triple asterisk). Modified from Chang, Keller, and Chang (1998) with permission from Elsevier...

The function of apoLp-IIl is to facilitate transport of lipid from sites of storage in the fat body to sites of utilization in certain metabolic situations, e.g., flight. The triacylglycerol stores of the fat body are converted to DG, which leaves the fat body and becomes associated with preexisting HDLp in the hemolymph. In the process, HDLp is converted to LDLp and several molecules of apoLp-III become associated with LDLp. LDLp moves to the flight muscle, where the DG is hydrolyzed by a lipoprotein lipase. As the DG is removed, LDLp is converted back to HDLp and apoLp-III dissociates. The HDLp and apoLp-III then cycle back to the fat body to carry more DG (see Section V for details). 

Eggs from Hyalophora cecropia (Telfer, 1960), Samina cynthia (Chino et al., 1977), M. sexta (Kawooya et al., 1988), and R. prolixus (Gondim et al., 1989b) have been shown to contain a very high-density lipophorin, VHDLp-E, which is derived from HDLp-A in the hemolymph by a receptor-mediated process (Kawooya et al., 1988 Telfer and Pan, 1988 Kulakosky and Telfer, 1990) this represents the only known exception to the generalization that lipophorin delivers its lipids to tissues without internalization. The conversion of HDLp-A to VHDLp-E involves removal of DG, which is catalyzed by a lipoprotein lipase found in the yolk body of the egg (Van Antwerpen and Law, 1992). However, in spite of the presence of lipophorin in the egg, 90% of the lipid in the egg is... 

The transferrins are a class of iron-binding glycoproteins which have been found in the blood serum of a variety of vertebrates and are presumably also present in moth hemolymph [see (74) and references therein], These proteins would appear to mediate the absorption and distribution of iron (75), and could play some role in the movement of carbon dioxide in the body (76). Proteins of similar characteristics, lactoferrin and conalbumin, have been isolated from milk and avian egg white respectively. It has been proposed (77) that conalbumin could prevent bacterial contamination of the egg yolk by removing free iron. A similar bacteriostatic action could be performed by lactoferrin in milk, and it is possible that this protein is involved in controlling the intestinal flora in infants (78). 

Small and Thacker 1994). So, the ability to detect chemicals released by dead conspecifics and to associate them with the potential for a new shell has been conserved in the transition from sea to land the attractant is contained in the crab hemolymph, its power being displayed immediately upon the hemolymph removal without the need of any proteases, as required with snail odors. A recent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry study (Schmidt et al. 2009) showed that it is the volatile alcohol 3-decanol found in the hemolymph of Clibanarius vittatus that stimulates shell investigation behavior in conspecifics. 

For detection and for removal of linamarin from foods (Phaseolus, Cassava) and animal fodder (flaxseed) by enzymatic cleavage and extraction processes, see Lit.. Linamarin and lotaustralin occur in the hemolymph of caterpillars of the butterfly Zygaena trifolii. ... 

Pharmacokinetics of JHE. When high titers of purified recombinant JHE from K virescens were injected into M, sexta, a rapid decline of this JHE in the hemolymph was noted (61), JHE was removed by a saturable process, possibly by receptor mediated endocytosis, and there was no difference in clearance rate between different larval stadia of M, sexta and H. virescens. As noted above, it is possible that the recombinant virus-expressed JHE may be removed before having a significant biological effect. However, baculovirus expressed JHE reaches very high activity levels in vivOy up to 20 or 40 times the maximum titers seen during the course of normal larval development in some cases (Table II 51). Despite this fact, precocious development of larvae infected with the various recombinant viruses is not seen. 

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