Relative intake

Food residues intake intake Relative intake concn... 

The results showed a huge difference in crop content between morning and evening, indicating that laying hens have a higher intake of most feed items at the end of the day. The main results on relative intake of forage are shown in Table 7.6. 

Figure 6. Relative intake of seven amino acid solutions of different concentrations by three biotypes of l. lugens.

For the calculation of the relative intake of chlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) by a nursing infant, some of the assumptions that have been made include 1) the infant is breast-fed for 1 year, 2) the average infant weight for 1 year is 10 kg (12),... 

Relative Intake (%) was calculated as an expression of voluntary intake per unit animal metabolic size (gram dry matter/ sheep weight 0 76) expressed relative to a standard high quality forage assumed to nave a voluntary intake of 80 grams dry matter/weightkg0-75, according, to the... 

In Step 1, essential oils are prioritized according to their presence or absence as components of commonly consumed foods (Step 1). This question evaluates the relative intake of the essential oil as an intentionally added avoring substance versus its intake as a component part of food. Many essential oils are isolated from plants that are commonly consumed as a food. Little or no safety... 

Response to food can be used as an indirect measure of prey response to predator scents. Stimuli can be placed either directly on the food or in close proximity to the food. For example, choice-tests were used to assess the avoidance of lion fecal odors by rabbits (Boag Mlotkiewicz 1994) and deer (Abbot et al. 1990). In both cases, subjects were offered a choice between treated and untreated pelleted food and relative intake was taken to reflect avoidance. Likewise, arena tests have been used to demonstrate that domestic livestock will investigate but reduce their ingestion of feed in the presence of predator odors (Pfister et al. 1990). Odors also can be applied to natural forage to assess whether target species avoid the treated plants (Sullivan et al. 1988 Calder Gorman 1991). Epple et al. (1995) monitored caching behavior to assess the response of mountain beaver to food resources associated with predator odors. 

Whether or not increased intake of n-6 fatty acids can exacerbate inflammation via increased production of proinflammatory eicosanoids remains uncertain. Results of in vitro studies and intervention studies in humans are generally consistent with this theoretical potential of n-6 fatty acids to enhance inflammation, at least in comparison to n-3 fatty acids and probably n-9 monounsaturated fatty acids. The importance of absolute and relative intakes of n-6 fatty acids to inflammatory processes also remains unclear. The effects of changes in n-6 fatty acid intake on inflammatory processes may depend on the background dietary fatty acid intake, as well as proportional and absolute intake of n-3 fatty acids. 

The influence of trans fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins in relation to CHD risk would thus appear to be more unfavorable than that of saturated fatty acids, as determined by the effect on the ratio of LDL to FIDL cholesterol. However, the overall magnitude of the effect would be dependent on the relative intakes of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. In the UK trans fatty acids contribute about 2% of dietary energy, in contrast to saturated fatty acids which contribute about 15% dietary energy, and this needs to be considered when formulating dietary advice. The Task Force also estimated, on the same basis, that a reduction of 6% in energy from saturated fatty acids would decrease risk by 37%. 

The details of population dietary guidelines for the quality and quantity of fat intake differ between countries. However, in consideration of prevention of CHD, dietary guidelines generally reflect advice to reduce average total fat intakes to 30-35% dietary energy and to lower saturated fat intakes to approximately 10% of dietary energy. Though the effect of trans fatty acids on the plasma LDL/ HDL ratio is less favorable than that of saturated fatty acids, dietary advice needs to reflect the relative intakes of these two types of fatty acids. Since... 

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