Regulatory capacity

Many factors influence how a policy is implemented and whether it achieves its objectives effectively. Experience in policy implementation in many areas indicate the importance of good organization. A number of organizational attributes, such as a sound structure, efficient procedures, well-trained personnel and adequate financial resources, are considered cmcial for effective policy execution (18, 19, 20, 21). 

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In brief, dmg laws in these 10 countries evolved, and regulatory capacities developed over time, to meet the growing complexity of the pharmaceutical sector, and to respond to societal concerns. 

Zappavigna, V., Renucci, A., Izpisua-Belmonte, J. C., Urier, G Peschle, C., and Duboule, D. (1991). HOX 4 genes encode transcription factors with potential auto- and cross-regulatory capacities. EMBO J. 10 4177-4187. 

Stassen M, Jonuleit H, Muller C, Klein M, Richter C, Bopp T, Schmitt S, Schmitt E Differential regulatory capacity of CD25 4- T regulatory cells and preactivated CD25 4- T regulatory cells on development, functional activation, and proliferation of Th2 cells. J Immunol 2004 173 267-274. 

It is more likely that p53 influences repair in a regulatory capacity. One link between p53 and NER was made with the observation that the p5 3-regulated Gadd45 binds to PCNA, a component of both replication and repair [206]. Overexpression of Gadd45 provided a small level of protection from cisplatin [207], whereas Gadd45 antisense DNA sensitized human colon carcinoma cells to cisplatin, an effect which was associated with a decrease in repair [201], It was hypothesized that the Gadd45 protein could interact directly with the repair proteins because it stimulated repair synthesis in nuclear extracts [206] however, this result could not be reproduced under a variety of experimental conditions [208][209], Thus, it seems likely that there are still some as yet unidentified factors which link p53 and the excision repair pathway. 

Formation of Catalytic Ensembles. Regulatory Capacity. Formation of ordered catalytic ensembles can greatly facilitate the accessibility of substrates in consecutive chemical and enzyme reactions. Capacity of catalysts to be or not to be active in proper space and proper time is of great importance especially in biological cells. A catalyst s capacity for switching activity in the appropriate space and time is very important, especially in biological cells. 

Zinc also inhibits a variety of nonmetalloenzymes. Inhibition constants in the nM range are observed in some cases. In these situations it is possible that the zinc could be involved in regulating the activity of the enzyme. Thionein has been demonstrated to reverse the inhibition glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by zinc ions, suggesting the possibility that thionein (apo-metaUothionien see Metallothioneins) can be involved in a regulatory capacity with zinc as its partner. ... 

J., 1936 Holtfreter, H., 1965). In general, amphibians are endowed with a high regulatory capacity. When an early amphibian gastnila is divided into two halves in a plane perpendicular to the blastoporal lip both halves can form a whole embryo of smaller size (Mangold and Testa, 1953). 

Lacalli, T.C., Harrison, L.G. (1978). The regulatory capacity of Turing s model for morphogenesis, with application to slime moulds. Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 70, pp. 273-295. 

Consistent with its general approach to regulation the Railway Inspectorate did not have an antagonistic relationship with the railway companies. At one level this is not surprising as in the broad spectrum of economic life BR represented a company which had high regulatory capacity in terms of resources. 

Issues of regulatory capacity and accountability have significance beyond this particular case study as they are both central to successful self-regulatory regimes. Accordingly difficulties in these areas are symptomatic of much deeper problems, so let us turn our attention to these and what the future prospects for railway safety seem to be. 

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