Refractory disintegration

Assessment of the hydration resistance of basic bricks and shapes can take place in pressurized systems in an autoclave or pressure cooker or without pressure by storage in a humidity chamber. Generally, bricks with a minimum of three original surfaces are required. Specimens are examined after a set time period and results calculated or repeat tests take place until a specific total test time is reached or until the refractory disintegrates (3,4). 

In both atomization modes, as thin unstable ligaments, and/ or sheets disintegrate into round droplets, atomization gas may plausibly be trapped into the droplets under certain conditions. For alloys with alloying elements which readily react with atomization gas, for example, oxidize to form refractory oxides, solidification may be delayed and spheroidization is prevented so that rough flakes may form. For such alloys, the atmosphere in the spray chamber must be inert and protective to avoid the formation of any refractory and to foster spheroidal shape of droplets. 

In this chapter, we review what is known about the chronology of the solar system, based on the radioisotope systems described in Chapter 8. We start by discussing the age of materials that formed the solar system. Short-lived radionuclides also provide information about the galactic environment in which the solar system formed. We then consider how the age of the solar system is estimated from its oldest surviving materials - the refractory inclusions in chondrites. We discuss constraints on the accretion of chondritic asteroids and their subsequent metamorphism and alteration. Next, we discuss the chronology of differentiated asteroids, and of the Earth, Moon, and Mars. Finally, we consider the impact histories of the solar system bodies, the timescales for the transport of meteorites from their parent bodies to the Earth, and the residence time of meteorites on the Earth s surface before they disintegrate due to weathering. 

In the center of the lining Van Vlack [42] detected the absorption of 8% alkali. The high porosity of this region was attributed to carbon disintegration of the refractory. For the inside of the bosh area a coating of carbon and alkalies was observed with the sample containing as much as 42% alkali. The refractories involved are in the 40% to 45% alumina class. 

Straightforward reaction with the alumino-silicate constituents of the refractory, to produce expansive-type phases such as kalsilite (KzO A1203 2Si02). Considerable volume increases accompany these reactions, thus causing weakening and disintegration of the brick. 

OTHER COMMENTS used in the manufacture of weatherproof and acid-proof mortars and cements, refractory bricks, heat-resistant and chemical-resistant paints, lacquers, and protective coatings for industrial buildings and castings also used in hardening stone useful in arresting decay and disintegration. 

Note Record observations of nodule color variations, and other unusual occurrences such as refractory fragments, weathered clinkers, and clinker nodule disintegration. 

ASTM C-288 Disintegration of refractories in an atmosphere of carbon monoxide... 

Stack or Shaft. The upper part of a blast furnace, widening from the throat (q.v.) at the top to the lintel (q.v.) at the bottom. This part of the furnace is lined with refractories selected for their resistance to abrasion and to the disintegrating action of the carbon monoxide present in the stack atmosphere. 

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