Refractories types

The furnace is constmcted with a steel shell lined with high temperature refractory (see Refractories). Refractory type and thickness are deterrnined by the particular need. Where combustion products include corrosive gases such as sulfur dioxide or hydrogen chloride, furnace shell temperatures are maintained above about 150—180°C to prevent condensation and corrosion on the inside carbon steel surfaces. Where corrosive gases are not present, insulation is sized to maintain a shell temperature below 60°C to protect personnel. 

Standardized appHcations of different refractory types are Hsted ia an excellent series compiled by the ASTM (36). These surveys cover the principal iadustrial appHcations of refractories and furnish a description of furnace operations and destmctive influences such as slagging, erosion, abrasion, spalling, and load deformation. 

Activated Sludge. There are several generic activated sludge processes presendy available. Complete Mix (CMAS) is appHcable to refractory-type wastewaters in which filamentous bulking is not a problem. This process has the advantage of dampening ductuations of induent wastewater quaUty. 

Figure 5-30. Expander during hot mechanical running test in Jeannette, Pennsylvania facility. Four inches (102 mm) of insulation is secured to the casing with refractory-type anchors welded to the casing. Final site treatment includes a layer of 1.1 Ib/fF (5 kg/m ) lead foil for acoustic purposes and two outer coats of open-weave glass cloth and emulsion reinforcement, for an aluminum gray color.

No. Refractory Type SK)2 AI2Os Fe203 HOj, CaO MgO Cr203 SiC Alkalies Siliceous Steel-Slag Resistance to High-iime Fused Steei-Slag Mill-Scale Coal-Ash Slag... 

Bnrak, K.W., Urbanski, S.J., Swain, M.G. Successful treatment of refractory type 1 autoimmune hepatitis with methotrexate. J. Hepatol. 1998 29 990 -993... 

No. Refractory Type SiO AljOj FBjOs Ti02 CaO MgO Cr Oj SiC Alkalies Siliceous Steei-Siag High-iime Steei-Siag Fused Mill-Scale Coal-A Slai... 

Performance of refractories exposed to chlorides can best be determined by measuring relative performance of different refractory types in actual service using small test panels of different compositions and physical properties. A modified ASTM C279 acid solubility test using an HCI solution can also give insights into the relative performance of various types of refractory brick in chloride containing environments. 

The list of metals present in major or trace level in petroleum products can vary from alkali, alkaline, transition and refractory types depending on the source and refining... 

The graphite fiber reinforced triaryl-s-triazine ring (TSTR) cross-linked polyimides with ring-chain structures have good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. On pyrolysis, the TSTR cross-linked polyimides were converted to refractory type materials which are believed to be graphitic type ladder polymers containing some nitrogen in their cyclic structures. 

Pyrolysis of TSTR cross-linked polyimides converts them to refractory type materials which show promise as matrix materials for carbon fibers. 

Refractory corrosion trials are essential to understand reactions occurring inside regenerators to ultimately select the best refractory types and to design regenerators with a longer campaign time. 

Refractory Type Fireclay Silicon bricks carbide bricks High alumina bricks Silica bricks Chrome bricks Direct bonded bricks Magnesite bricks... 

Figures 7.6 and 7.7 are calculated shell losses based on refractory type and thickness. Although the actual mechanism of heat loss through a rotary kiln wall is more involved, the obvious result is that...

Chemical Analysis (Calcined Basis), % Refractory Type ... 

In the refractory-type furnace, refractory brick forms the envelope of the furnace. These refractory furnaces are usually backed with insulation and a casing material. For the water-cooled wall-type furnace, the envelope consists of tubes placed close to each other, which thereby absorb heat and help in the production of steam. These water-cooled furnaces can have either tube and tile, tangent-tube, or welded-membrane walls. 

Another type of spectral interference is produced by elements in the sample combining with H+, 0+, or OH+ (either from water or air) to form molecular hydrides (+ H+), oxides (+ 0+), and hydroxides (+ OH+), which occur at 1, 16, and 17 mass units, respectively, higher than the element s mass. These interferences are typically produced in the cooler zones of the plasma, immediately before the interface region. They are usually more serious when rare earth or refractory-type elements are present in the sample, because many of them readily form molecular species (particularly oxides), which create spectral overlap problems on other elements in the same group. If the oxide species is mainly derived from entrained air around the plasma, it can be reduced by either using an elongated outer tube to the torch or a metal shield between the plasma and the RF coil. 

Refractory types 0.23-m HB fire brick and 0.115-m insulting brick 0.23-m hard (high T) brick and 0.11-m insulating brick... 

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