Refractive effective

Perez Quintian, M.A.Rebollo, N.G. Gaggioli y C.A. Raffo, The non refractive effect in translucent diffusers A geometrical model . Aprobado para su publicacion en Journal of Modem Opties. 

The cosine Fourier transform given by Eq. (2) is only applicable if the interferogram is perfectly symmetrical about <5 = 0. In practice additional wavenumber-dependent phase shifts are present, owing to beamsplitter characteristics or refraction effects, and cause the interferogram to appear partially asymmetric. The modulated part of Eq. (1) then becomes... 

MR-Ri exhibited the molar refractivity effect of only Ri-substituent. In Eq. 40, Id-02 is an indicator variable that was assigned a value of 1 for a molecule containing a heterocycling ring with two oxygen atoms. Obviously such a heterocyclic ring did not seem to be of advantageous. 

The first problem area occurs at a 7 for I2°/6° ratio for weakly absorbing particles where, as exemplified by Figure I, an "S in the characteristic curve precludes a unique determination of a for a measured intensity ratio of 0.5. This results in an uncertainty of about 20% in determined diameter, roughly the same as that from index-of-refraction effects discussed above. In fact, the uniqueness problem adds no new uncertainties since the S phenomenon is covered by the uncertainty band introduced when the absorbing particle intensity ratio curve is assumed to be caused by unknown particle composition. Conversely, this problem must be dealt with when analyzing nonabsorbing particles of a known composition, for instance in a study of cooling tower droplet size distributions. 

The experimental equipment requires a standard fine structure X-ray generator operated usually with monochromatic K -radiation. The measurements of the refraction effect are taken by using a commercial small angle X-ray camera of the Kratky type in combination with two scintillation detectors for simultaneous detection of X-ray refraction intensity Ir and sample absorption U- A standard DOS-computer handles the scattering intensity data acquisition and the micromanipulator scanning-system. Figure 1 shows the experimental setup. 

Figure 2 illustrates the refraction effect by a model of a solid material with different pore concentrations per unit volume. 

Fig 2 Schematic refraction effect of X-rays passing a porous sample. In correlation to the specific surface per unit volume the refraction intensity 1r depends on the pore sizes and their concentrations. U is the attenuated intensity of the primary beam. Due to the interface concentrations the intensity of the deflected beam in a porous ceramic corresponds with the iimer surface density of the material. 

The results of this calculation are given in Fig. 8. We see that the wave vector has a mean value of 2.41 10 cm and changes within values of 2.34 10 cm to 2.5 10 cm" (+,- 3.5%). We see that it can have a linear effect in the sound velocity determination but a quadratic effect in sound absorption. From here, we calculate the sound velocity for all temperatures as shown in Fig. 9. The Fig. 9 provides data for the temperature dependence of the sound velocity once corrected by the refraction effects. There we see that the sound velocity of the lower phase smoothly decreases with temperature within the two-phase region, whereas that for the upper phase shows a stronger trend. In a previous work and in a different phase transition, K. V. Kovalenko et al. ... 

Microelectrophoresis. Mobility measurements were made using an apparatus similar to that described by Alexander and Saggers (11) but modified to use slit ultramicroscope illumination. The cell was of the Mattson type (12) and was mounted in a water bath. Refraction effects in the cell were allowed for by applying the Henry correction (13). All... 

Surgery to correct refractive errors for the improvement of visual acuity generally aims at changing the corneal curvature. Corneal tissue is mainly constituted of a network of natural collagen polymer with the void volume filled with a special type of aqueous saline solution. A wide variety of laser and nonlaser procedures, such as laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LA-SIK), laser-cut channels for intracorneal ring segment (ICRS) implantation, femtosecond lamellar keratoplasty (FLK), intrastromal vision correction, and corneal transplantation have been developed for refractive surgical correction [83, 84]. They include removal of corneal tissue from the surface, removal of corneal tissue from the interior or stroma, and alteration of the corneal mechanical properties to produce a refractive effect. The most popular by far are procedures based on excimer laser ablation of the corneal surface and/or stroma [85]. 

X-ray reflectivity away from the critical angle where reflectivity is relatively weak and refraction effects are negligible. 

As a result of the small refractive index, light enters and leaves a piece of aerogel almost without reflective losses and refractive effects. The dependence... 

The wave nature of radiation is familiarly illustrated by refraction effects in material media, diffraction, and interference phenomena. Discrete and band spectra are evidences of quantized energy states in matter and of quantized energy transfer... 

It must be noted when considering the geometrical form of the specimen and the directions of the incident and fluorescent light beams that it is the direction of polarisation inside the specimen which is important. The use of certain geometries may necessitate corrections for refraction effects. It is also important for any type of system to correct for any sensitivity of the illuminating or detection systems to the polarisation vectors. 

The photovoltaic can be integrated in pneumatic constructions such as foil cushions (as can be seen in Fig. 12.18). The application in the middle layer will protect the photovoltaic but limit the power output due to refraction effects (of the top layer foil) and also due to the heating of the absorptive middle layer which will not be reduced by convection effects of the outside air. Therefore, the integration on the outer top layer of the cushion will be more efficient. 

So, expression (8.28) represents the partial case of equation (8.25) and is correct only for random walks equiprobable in directions of d-dimensional space. If this condition is not met, then equilibrium conformation of polymeric chain has an ellipsoid shape with semi-axes determined by (8.25). Such conformations can be formed at deformation of Flory polymeric coils under the influence of external forces, for instance, in a solution, that leads to the double-ray refraction effect [3] in the saturated adsorption layer of polymeric... 

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