Reflux INDEX

A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials of cisapride for gastro-esophageal reflux in children has been reported (26). Seven comparisons of cisapride with placebo (286 children in all) were included. The reflux index was significantly reduced by cisapride. However, there was no clear evidence that cisapride reduced symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux. Adverse events (mainly diarrhea) were not significantly more common with cisapride. 

The effects of cisapride 0.2 mg/kg tds on acid gastroesophageal reflux in 32 formerly preterm infants receiving respiratory stimulation with caffeine have been stndied using 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring (27). Cisapride significantly reduced the reflux index and the freqnency of reflnx without impairing the systemic availability or therapentic effects of caffeine. 

The reaction mixture is heated and allowed to reflux, under atmospheric pressure at about 100°C. At this stage valve A is open and valve B is closed. Because the reaction is strongly exothermic initially it may be necessary to use cooling water in the jacket at this stage. The condensation reaction will take a number of hours, e.g. 2-4 hours, since under the acidic conditions the formation of phenol-alcohols is rather slow. When the resin separates from the aqueous phase and the resin reaches the requisite degree of condensation, as indicated by refractive index measurements, the valves are changed over (i.e. valve A is closed and valve B opened) and water present is distilled off. 

Henderson and Sutherland have prepared a hydrocarbon synthetically which is possibly a modification of terpinene. They reduced thymo-hydroquinone, thus obtaining menthane-2-5-diol, which was heated for half an hour with twice its weight of sulphate of potash under a reflux condenser, and so yielded a terpene boiling at 179°, of specific gravity about 0 840 and refractive index 1-4779. 

When the checkers distilled the product through a simple type of Podbielniak column of 65-cm. length, with heated jacket and partial reflux head, the boiling range was 1°, 74-75°/6 mm., but the yields and index of refraction were the same as those reported by the submitters. 

A solution of 14 g of the distilled, solid 4-ethoxy-3-methoxyphenol in 20 mL MeOH was treated with a solution of 5.3 g KOH in 100 mL hot MeOH. There was then added 11.9 g methyl iodide, and the mixture was held at reflux temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with 3 volumes H.O, made strongly basic by the addition of 1 volume of 5% NaOH, and extracted with 2x150 mL E O. Pooling the extracts and removal of the solvent under vacuum gave 9.7 g of 2.4-dimethoxy-1-ethoxybenzene as a clear, off-white oil that showed a single peak by GC. An acceptable alternate synthesis of this ether i s the ethylation of 2,4-dimethoxyphenol, whichisdescribedintherecipeforTMA-4. The index of refraction was nD25 = 1.5210. 

Dissolve 2.5 g of sodium hydroxide in 250 ml of water in a 500-ml two-necked flask fitted with a reflux condenser and a dropping funnel. Bring the solution to the boil, add rapidly from the dropping funnel 28.5 g (0.25 mol) of hexane-2, 5-dione (Expt 5.104) and continue to boil steadily under reflux for exactly 15 minutes (1). Cool the resulting dark-brown solution rapidly in an ice-salt bath, saturate with sodium chloride and extract with one 100 ml and two 50 ml portions of ether. Wash the ether extract with three 5 ml portions of water, dry over anhydrous sodium sulphate and remove the ether on a rotary evaporator. Distil the residual dark oil under reduced pressure and collect the colourless 3-methylcyclopent-2-enone as a fraction of b.p. 74-76 °C/ 16mmHg, n 0 1.4818 yield 9.5 g (40%). The product thus obtained is pure enough for most purposes when perfectly pure the refractive index is 1.4893. The product may darken on storage. 

Index Entries P-Glucosidase foam fractionation cellulase reflux time airflow rate. 

The results mostly show that the optimiser has been able to adjust the reflux and reboil ratios and the distillation time in such a way as to increase the total amount collected (i.e., the objective function), the capacity factor (productivity). Greaves et al. (2003) included another performance index (%Recovery of key component) in addition to CAP and the conclusions remained the same. 

The filtrates from two such runs are combined and distilled through a Whitmore-Fenske column of 10-15 theoretical plates at a 5 1 reflux ratio. The yield of fer/.-butylamine is 55-60 g. (75-82%) the product boils at 44-44.5°, and its refractive index is n 1.3770 (Note 8). 

Bromine trifluoride under reflux, dissolved the tetrafluoride to give a deep red solution. The red-brown solid which remained after vacuum distillation of the bromine trifluoride was the 2 1 bromine trifluoride-platinum tetrafluoride adduct [Found F, 35-1 Pt, 36-7. Calc, for (BrFj)2PtF4 F, 34-9 Pt, 34-9%]. The diamagnetic solid melted with some decomposition at 136°. Its X-ray powder pattern was complex and no attempt was made to index it. Iodine pentafluoride neither dissolved nor reacted with the tetrafluoride even on prolonged refluxing at 100°. Chlorine trifluoride, passed over the tetrafluoride at 300°, converted it into a yellow solid, m. p. 170°, of which the X-ray powder pattern was identical with that of the chlorine trifluoride-platinum pentafluoride adduct. ... 

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