Reflectivity directional spectral

As shown by Fig. 19.4 the observed profile directly reflects the spectral profile of the autoionizing state, as implied by Eq. (19.9), and there is evidently negligible... 

Our experimental setup of the 2D-CARS microscope is shown in Fig. 5.4h [32], The 70-fs output from the Ti sapphire oscillator was split into two beams. One of the beams was introduced into a photonic crystal fiber (Crystal Fibre, Femtowhite 800) to generate a coherent supercontinuum. Then, the continuum was conditioned with an 800 nm long-pass filter. The other beam was spectrally narrowed by the custom-made laser line filter (Optical Coatings Japan, Av = 14 cm FWHM). The obtained two beams were introduced collinearly into the microscope objective lens. The chirping of the broadband pump beam was carefully avoided so that the CARS signals are obtained in a wide spectral region. The broadband CARS emission in back-reflected direction was analyzed by the CCD spectrometer. 

The two material functions r x and a x of an opaque body are not independent of each other. The directional spectral reflectivity r x is determined by the directional spectral absorptivity a x. The similar relationship between the different absorptivities and reflectivities from Tables 5.1 and 5.2, respectively, mean that equations analogous to (5.41) are valid, with which the three other reflectivities can be found from the corresponding absorptivities. 

The directional spectral reflectivity r x of an opaque body can also be traced back to the directional spectral emissivity e x. According to (5.41) and (5.69), it holds that... 

Similar directional spectral reflectivity and transmissivity quantities can also be defined. These properties are normally given the symbols p and r. However, from the above discussion, it s apparent that the sum of the reflected, absorbed and transmitted components must equal the irradian, and so we can write ... 

Because of the reciprocity of the bidirectional reflectivity p", the hemispherical-directional spectral reflectivity for isotropic incident intensity pi, is equal to the directional-hemispherical reflectivity pi,. Here, a single prime ( ) is used to denote the directional nature of incident radiation. 

The electronic structures of the porphyrins were compared through the analysis of the H NMR spectra of their dimethyl ester derivatives (Fig. 4). The fluorinated porphyrins exhibited typical spectral patterns similar to those of protoporphyrin and mesoporphyrin. In general, the shifts of the signals are affected by the ring current of the porphyrin macrocycle and the electronic inductive effect of nearby substituents and the ring-current shift is also modulated by the electronic contribution of the substituents. Since four meso protons, namely, protons bound to carbons at the 5, 10, 15, and 20 positions occupy the same orientation relative to the porphyrin macrocycle, in-plane asymmetry of the haem electronic structure is reflected directly... 

Reflectance (relative spectral directional reflectance) Ratio of the radiant flux reflected from a light-diffusing specimen to that reflected from a light-diffusing standard. 

Under static conditions the line shape of a NMR absorption spectrum reflects directly the orientational distribution of the CH-bonds in the sample. Molecular dynamics modifies the spectral shape in a well-defined way. Only the reorientational motion of individual CH-bonds is probed by the experiment which leads generally to a narrowing of the line. A simple situation... 

It is possible to identify particular spectral features in the modulated reflectivity spectra to band structure features. For example, in a direct band gap the joint density of states must resemble that of critical point. One of the first applications of the empirical pseudopotential method was to calculate reflectivity spectra for a given energy band. Differences between the calculated and measured reflectivity spectra could be assigned to errors in the energy band... 

A solvent free, fast and environmentally friendly near infrared-based methodology was developed for the determination and quality control of 11 pesticides in commercially available formulations. This methodology was based on the direct measurement of the diffuse reflectance spectra of solid samples inside glass vials and a multivariate calibration model to determine the active principle concentration in agrochemicals. The proposed PLS model was made using 11 known commercial and 22 doped samples (11 under and 11 over dosed) for calibration and 22 different formulations as the validation set. For Buprofezin, Chlorsulfuron, Cyromazine, Daminozide, Diuron and Iprodione determination, the information in the spectral range between 1618 and 2630 nm of the reflectance spectra was employed. On the other hand, for Bensulfuron, Fenoxycarb, Metalaxyl, Procymidone and Tricyclazole determination, the first order derivative spectra in the range between 1618 and 2630 nm was used. In both cases, a linear remove correction was applied. Mean accuracy errors between 0.5 and 3.1% were obtained for the validation set. 

In Surface Analysis by Laser Ionization (SALI), a probe beam such as an ion beam, electron beam, or laser is directed onto a surfiice to remove a sample of material. An untuned, high-intensity laser beam passes parallel and close to but above the sur-fiice. The laser has sufficient intensity to induce a high degree of nonresonant, and hence nonselective, photoionization of the vaporized sample of material within the laser beam. The nonselectively ionized sample is then subjected to mass spectral analysis to determine the nature of the unknown species. SALI spectra accurately reflect the surface composition, and the use of time-of-flight mass spectrometers provides fast, efficient and extremely sensitive analysis. 

Fig. 4. The reflectivity (a) and the optical conductivity (b) in the p direction are similar to the ones along the a directions (Fig. 3). However, the absence of data above 4 eV changes the high energy spectrum of the optical conductivity. These changes are not relevant for the low frequency spectral range. The Maxwell-Garnett (MG) fit is also displayed as well as the intrinsic reflectivity and conductivity calculated from the fit (see Table 2 for the parameters).

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