Refining, of vegetable oils

Barium hydroxide is used to produce barium soaps which are additives for high temperature lubricants. Other chemical applications include refining of vegetable oils vulcanization of synthetic rubber in drilling fluids in corrosion inhibitors as an ingredient in sealing compositions in plastics stabilizers for softening water and to prepare other alkalies. 

Although 2-furoic acid (pyromucic acid) was known to Scheele in 1780, furan was obtained only in 1870 by Limpricht. Furfural began to be produced commercially in the 1930s by the Quaker Oats Company and its subsidiary, the Miner Laboratory. It had been observed that oat husks (waste from breakfast cereals) afforded furfural on treatment with acids in about 10% yield, along with non-volatile cattle food. Among the many uses of furfural, one should mention (i) the manufacture of plastics based on the phenol-furfural-formaldehyde reaction, (ii) its use as selective solvent for aromatics in the petrochemical industry and oil refinement, and (iii) the separation of saturated from unsaturated fats (triglycerides) in the refinement of vegetable oils. Furfural can be recovered by steam distillation and recycled. 

Trans-Fatty Acid Content. Trans-fatty acids arise during refining of vegetable oils as well as during hydrogenation, or from attempts to eliminate the sterol fraction of seed oils with a fatty acid composition similar to that of olive oil. Methyl esters are analyzed by capillary column GLC (76, 77). The following hmits (% m/m) are mandatory (12) ... 

Refining of vegetable oils is a process during which phospholipids, free fatty acids, oxidized lipids, most prooxidants and impurities in crude oils are reduced as much as possible in order to produce oils with good oxidation stability and sensory quality... 

General Aspects on the Refining of Vegetable Oils by Membrane Technology.648... 

Squalene is currently used in cosmetics, foods and the medical and pharmaceutical sectors. Conventionally, the major commercial source of squalene has been the liver oil of deep-sea sharks Centrophorus spp.) and the steamer distillate of the physical refining of vegetable oils such as olive oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, or corn oil. ... 

S. is a colorless waxlike material, soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents. S. derives from ->tallow (main source) and many other animal and vegetable ->fats and oils. S. is a by-product of many oleochemical operations, e.g., refining of vegetable oils for nutritional purposes and of fats and greases for technical applications. 

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