Reference pricing components

Further controls exist at the provincial level at which each province maintains a published formulary of drugs that are reimbursable along with the reimbursement level. Quebec, observers perceive, lists nearly all new drug products, whereas Ontario appears to be slow to list newly approved products. Each province has additional control mechanisms. Ontario requires the first generic drug to be at least 40% less costly than the branded originator product. Some components of the reference price system are seen in British Columbia and Newfoundland. 

The pricing of credit default swaps is determined in the credit default swap market by traders who determine the credit default swap spread through their assessment of the default risk of the reference obligations. This spread information can give valuable information about the key pricing components of the reference credit implied probability of default of the reference credit and recovery assumptions. These price... 

Without reference to a particular HTGR, an input parameter of USD 30/MWt-h was used for the cost of nuclear heat was. Electricity cost was set based on a 2008 price of USD 75/MWe-h. The H2A modelling tool, as published, is based on an assumption that all costs and the selling price have the same rate of inflation. However, for the Shaw assessments, energy costs are projected to rise more rapidly than general inflation, and so a modification to the H2A model was been made to add this analysis capability. For the analysis, real escalation, over and above any inflation, is included at 1%/yr over the plant life for the electric power bought or sold. The assumed reactor outlet temperature for evaluating component costs and process efficiencies was 950°C. 

Repul.iblr suppliers should be able to supply information about their products along with analytical data. However, the analysis may only refer to a small number of the major components. At the time of writing, an analysis of the 10 most abundant components would cost approximately 40.00 per sample, rising to 85.00 for up to 20 of the most abundant components. Prices for up to the most abundant 50 components or an in-depth investigation are given on application. This is clearly out of the financial reach of the average aromatherapist, and represents a cost many times that of the purchase price of the oil. 

The material in this section is based mainly on price quotations from industrial snppheis of components and equipment that were obtained in the DOE-funded programs that ended in 1985. The costs were updated to 1990 in preparation of Section XV.A.1. Infoimation on fuel and electiidly prices was available from reports issued by the Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy (EIA/DOE). Other sources are listed in the references. 

Market success is an important criterion of any new drivetrain technology. Its benchmark is usually the cost of a conventional powertrain. In view of the different possible layouts, analyses should be based on production costs, not end-user price, and refer to mechanical power output to retain comparability in terms of driving performance. In a second step, life-cycle costs also need to be assessed in order to draft reliable conclusions. Figure 35.24 shows the specific costs of conventional ICE, hybrid, and BEV drivetrains for a vehicle with 90kWmech- Component costs are those stated in the previous sections. 

When simulating a process, only relative enthalpies have significance, but when a process is evaluated, it is also necessary to relate the properties of a stream to the amount of energy which can be released or consumed when the stream is converted to a standard state. Such a concept is used for pricing fuels, where the usual reference state for syngas mixtures is the lower heating value, LHV. It is defined as The heat released when the component in its standard state at 25 °C and... 

The primary purpose of a crystallization optimization is to maximize the yield and purity of the crystallized compound. The yield requirements will typically refer to the drug substance (component A) only, which is in most cases significantly more valuable than the co-crystal former. The price per kilogram of the latter may often be comparable with that of a solvent. 

The discount rate recommended by HM Treasury for both costs and benefits is 3.5% ( see THE GREEN BOOK - Appraisal and Evaluation in Central Government Reference 8.14). This assumes that the monetary costs and benefits are expressed in real terms that is, at constant prices. The discount rate is made up of the sum of two components ... 

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