Reference obligation

Credit derivative products are defined by reference to underlying reference entities, and reference obligations, which include corporate bonds, bank loans, sovereign debt, Brady bonds, and Eurobonds. Credit derivatives are now used increasingly in structured transactions. For example synthetic collateralised loan obligations (see Chapter 15) often use credit default swaps to transfer credit risk from the originator to the special purpose vehicle (SPV). Currently, the most common products are credit default products and total return swaps. 

The most common form of settlement chosen is physical settlement, in this situation the buyer of protection will deliver the defaulted asset or other assets that are pari passu with the reference obligation—effectively the asset delivered is covered by the credit default swap contract—to the seller of protection for par value (in cash). 

Credit default counterparties require absolute clarity on the terms of the CDS at the time they enter into transactions for example, the reference entity, reference obligation characteristics and deliverable obligation characteristics, credit events, and valuation process are key discussion points. 

The pricing of credit default swaps is determined in the credit default swap market by traders who determine the credit default swap spread through their assessment of the default risk of the reference obligations. This spread information can give valuable information about the key pricing components of the reference credit implied probability of default of the reference credit and recovery assumptions. These price... 

Where a Member State ascertains tliat a product, bearing the CE-marking and used in accordance with its intended use, is liable to endanger the safety of persons or health, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such a product from the market. That Member State shall immediately Inform the Commission which is obliged to investigate whether or not the measure is justified. Where the Commission considers that the measure is justified, it shall immediately inform the Member State which took the initiative and also the other Member States. This entails that the other Member States must also take action against the product concerned. That latter disposition is referred to as the safeguard clause. 

Sitzungsbericht der Akademie Berlin (1897), pp. 1152-1156. See formula (12) which holds for arbitrary finite groups of linear substitutions, not only for permutation groups. I m obliged to Prof. Schur for this reference. 

The obligations of mentors and mentees to each other are explored in subsequent chapters, and the issue of corrfidentiaUty in particular is returned to in Chapters 10 and 11. Overall, the literature is remarkably devoid of references to ethical issues in business mentoring. It is highly likely that this will be the focus of academic and practitioner concern in years to come as mentoring is established as a common framework for handling ethical dilemmas in business. 

It must be stressed that this book can do no more than to serve as a guide to much more detailed information available via the quoted references. It cannot relieve the student, the chemist and their supervisors of their moral and now legal obligation to themselves and to their co-workers, to equip themselves with the fullest possible information from the technical literature resources which are widely available, before attempting any experimental work with materials known, or suspected, to be hazardous or potentially so. It could be impossible for you after the event. 

Where a chemical is bought directly from a manufacturer, the analyst can refer to the label on the container for information on the various hazards presented by the contents. The manufacturer is nowadays obliged to provide hazard information on the label. However, this has not always been the case and there are many bottles of reagents in use in laboratories where the labelling is less than perfect. 

The objective of this presentation is to provide an overview of the industry practices to fulfil the obligations in the field of food contact materials and articles, and in addition to discuss elements which are currently not fully covered by legislation. Obligations and burden of proof are discussed with reference to requisites for compliance, evidence of compliance, and liability. 

Refer to Exhibit 3.2. The pros are that both parties—the prospectors and the source country—understand the obligations, whereas the cons are the negotiations may be protracted and delay prospecting activities that could yield benehcial compounds. 

Reply paid cards which refer to representatives delivering items which have been offered to health professionals or appropriate administrative staff should explain that there is no obligation to grant the representative an interview when the item is delivered. This is to avoid the impression that there is such an obligation, which would be contrary to Clause 15.3 which prohibits the use of any inducement to gain an interview. 

If discussion on a medicine is initiated by the person or persons on whom a representative calls, the representative is not obliged to have available the information on that medicine referred to in this clause. 

You don t have a whole lot of money invested in this book, so don t feel obliged to read what you don t need. Concentrate on the topic(s) in which you need help. Feel free to skip over any text in a gray shaded box (which we refer to as sidebars). Although interesting, they ciren t required reading. 

In many applications, one response from an instrument is related to the concentration of a single chemical component. This is referred to as univariate calibration because only one instrument response is used per sample. Multivariate calibration is the process of relating multiple responses from an instrument to a property or properties of a sample. The samples could be, for example, a mixture of chemical components in a process stream, and the goal is to predict the concentration levels of the different chemical components in the stream from infrared measurements. The methods are quite powerful, but as Dr. Einstein noted, the application of mathematics to reality is not without its limitations. It is, therefore, the obligation of the analyst to use them in a responsible manner. 

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