Reducing agent, defined

The essence of the technique is as follows [239]. The cathode reduces the mediator which then reduces the dye. This mediator (the regenerable redox system) must continually produce a consistent reduction potential in the dye liquor, so that no reducing agent has to be added. The prevailing potential is defined by the Nemst Equation (12.2) ... 

Define oxidation, reduction, oxidation number, oxidizing agent, and reducing agent. 

It is not uncommon to find the persistence of a spin adduct quantified in terms of half-life . This is a dangerous practice unless the experimental conditions are precisely defined, or it is known that the nitroxide decays by a unimolecular process. Decay may depend on reaction with a reducing agent present in the system, in which case the concentration of this species will influence the half-life. More commonly, decay will be second order (p. 5), in which case the time for disappearance of 50% of the spin adduct will show a profound dependence on its absolute concentration. The possibility of bimolecular association of nitroxides has been recognized for many years, but only very recently has it been suggested that this may be a complication under experimental conditions employed for spin trapping. Whilst the problem, which was encountered with the important [DMPO-HO ] system (Bullock et al., 1980), seems unlikely to be widespread, it is one which should always be borne in mind in quantitative studies. 

A redox reaction can also be defined as a reaction between an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent, as illustrated in Figure 10.2. 

Induction Period. The induction period is defined as the time necessary to reach the mixed potential at which steady-state metal deposition occurs. It is determined in a simple experiment in which a piece of metal is immersed in a solution for electroless deposition of a metal and the potential of the metal is recorded from the time of immersion (or the time of addition of the reducing agent, i.e., time zero) until the steady-state mixed potential is established. A typical recorded curve for the electroless deposition of copper on copper substrate is shown in Figure 8.11. 

The synthesis of spherical nanoparticles using the mediated seeded-growth method has been carried out using different mild reducing agents such as citrate, organic acids or hydroxylamine and well-defined monodisperse seed particles. 

These active metals lose one electron readily, but the loss of a second is energetically very unfavorable (see Chapter 4). Thus the chemistry of the group is nearly defined in terms of the +1 oxidation state. As these metals are powerful reducing agents, it is understandable that the reduction of M+ is very unfavorable ... 

The terms normal and normality are defined and applied as they were for acid-base equivalents. Again, the unique property of normality is that, for any electron-transfer reaction, when the reducing agent has just exactly consumed the oxidizing agent,... 

Solutions of copper(I) salts such as CuCl or Cu(CF3S03) readily absorb alkenes but it is frequently difficult to isolate crystalline solids with well defined stoichiometries, unless more traditional ligands are present, such as dien or pyridine.256"259 Complexes may alternatively be prepared from the copper(II) salt in ethanol in the presence of an alkene by a suitable reducing agent (see Figures 1-3). If ethylene is added to an aqueous solution of copper metal and... 

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