Reduced frequency, definition

Thus, the steric factor may be explained with the help of entropy change. When two molecules come together to produce the activated complex, the total translational degrees of freedom are reduced (from 6 to 3) and rotational degrees of freedom also diminish. This is compensated by an increase in vibrational degrees of freedom. But the definite orientation in forming the activated complex necessarily reduced the entropy, i.e. AS is negative. This decrease in entropy is small when reaction takes place between simple atoms. The calculated value of kbT/h corresponds to collision frequency... 

At the same time a definite, radical lowering of the frequency and amplitude of the oscillations was noted. Such reduction in oscillation reduces mass-transfer rates. 

QA splits are particularly valuable for field screening with definitive analysis confirmation and for the verification of field laboratory analysis. The frequency of the QA sample collection is best determined based on the project duration and the total numbers of samples to be collected. Typically, they are collected at a 10 percent frequency (one QA sample for every 10 field samples). It is beneficial to establish data comparability in the early phase of field implementation. If data are comparable, the frequency of QA sampling may be reduced as the confidence in field screening or field laboratory results has been established. But if the data are not comparable, the project team needs to identify the cause of the differences and resolve them as soon as possible in order to avoid making decisions on inaccurate or unrepresentative data. 

Today, we do not know the physical reason why there may be more than one asymmetric unit in the unit cell, nor do we have definite answer to the question When is the symmetry of the free molecule reduced by the condensation into a solid and when is this symmetry preserved Typical examples are the substituted 2,4,6-trichloro-l-X-benzenes. The symmetry of the gaseous molecule is preserved in the solid in so far as the Cl atoms in positions 2 and 6 are crystallographically equivalent for X = N02 and X = Br. Sites 2 and 6 of the molecule, however, are inequivalent in the solid for X = I, Cl, OH, and all other compounds for which the NQR spectrum is known. In the vast majority of molecules, the symmetry is reduced by condensation. We shall take the frequency splitting of NQR resonances due to this breakdown of symmetry as a qualitative measure of the crystal field effect. 

All susceptibilities can be reduced to combinations of those defined in eqn (2.4) and the adoption of the susceptibilities defined through this equation has two advantages firstly there is no possibility of introducing numerical factors associated with particular definitions of fields in terms of trigonometric functions (raised to the wth power), and secondly it can be shown that the susceptibilities defined in this way will not vary discontinuously when degeneracy occurs among the field frequencies. 

Combination of a pulsed bias and noncontact AFM has been found to improve the control of the writing process [78]. This method reduces the tip-substrate interaction time and thus improves the reliability and lithographic resolution. The frequency of oscillation and the field pulsing frequencies need to be adjusted to create a definite phase relation between the two and it was found that the minimum line width is obtained when the applied field is on during the time the cantilever tip is furthest from the substrate. The process also needs adjustment of the duty cycle. 

On the contrary, the new formulation might be deliberately designed not to be bioequivalent. Slow-release formulations are, by definition, not bioequivalent but often associated with therapeutic superiority due to reduced probability of C -related adverse events and better compliance because of reduced dosage frequency. In this case, efficacy data will normally be required of the scale and rigor of the earlier phase III program. 

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