Reduced block diagram

Figure 2.11. (a) Example of a feedback system block diagram (b) Typical reduced block diagrams. 

Figure 10.2b. Reduced block diagram of a cascade control system.

Next we look at the controlled output variable X2. Figure 11.Id shows the reduced block diagram of the system in the conventional form. We can deduce the closedloop characteristic equation of this system by inspection. 

The reduced block diagram for the IMC structure in Fig. 11.11 shows that there is a precise relationship between the traditional feedback controller B, and the C( controller used in IMC. 

Series cascade, (a) Openloop process, (b) Conventional feedback control, (c) Series cascade, (d) Reduced block diagram, (e) Example 9.1. 

A TPG block diagram is shown in Figure 4-86. It is similar to the FCC diagram except a second inlet valve is added to assure trip action and a bypass valve is added to reduce overspeed and aid in startup. The only rotating elements are the expander and generator and, possibly, gear (Figure 4-87). 

Figure 3. Block diagram of reduced-order dynamic model...

We now reduce the block diagram. The first step is to close the inner loop so the system becomes a standard feedback loop (Fig. 10.2b). With hindsight, the result should be intuitively obvious. For now, we take the slow route. Using the lower case letter locations in Fig. 10.2a, we write down the algebraic equations... 

Here, we use L to denote the major load variable and its corresponding transfer function is GL. We measure the load variable with a sensor, Gnu., which transmits its signal to the feedforward controller GFF. The feedforward controller then sends its decision to manipulate the actuating element, or valve, Gv. In the block diagram, the actuator transfer function is denoted by G v. The idea is that cascade control may be implemented with the actuator, Gv, as we have derived in Eq. (10-1). We simply use G v to reduce clutter in the diagram. 

KDO appears to be unique to Gram-negative bacteria. In the LPS that have been studied, KDO residues are situated at the reducing ends of the polysaccharide domains, linking them, by ketosidic bonds, to the fatty-acid-substituted 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucosyl disaccharides referred to as lipid A. Fig. 2 is a block diagram indicating the location of KDO in the LPS from Salmonella. 

The IMC structure is an alternative way of looking at controller design. The model of the process is clearly indicated in the block diagram. The tuning of the C, y controller reduces to selecting a reasonable closedtoop servo transfer function. 

A schematic block diagram of the metabolism of a typical aerobic heterotroph. The block labeled Catabolism represents pathways by which nutrients are converted to small-molecule starting materials for biosynthetic processes. Catabolism also supplies the energy (ATP) and reducing power (NADPH) needed for activities that occur in the second block these compounds shuttle between the two boxes. The block labeled Biosynthesis represents the synthesis of low- to medium-molecular-weight components of the cell as well as the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates and the assembly of membranes, organelles, and the other structures of the cell. 

A block diagram of the apparatus is shown in Figure 1. The system is constructed to use three sodium chloride anolyte and four sodium hydroxide catholyte concentrations. The starred anolyte compartments refer to separate solutions which have been doped with radiotracer. These solutions are used only for determinations of transport number the nonradioactive brine solutions are used for system flushing and membrane equilibrations. Solutions are selected and pumped into the cell, under computer control, through an all-Teflon pump-valve system. The solutions are heated during these transfers to ensure rapid attainment of experimental temperature in the cell. The brine system is designed to enable the return of radiotracer solutions to their storage vessels after each use. This serves to reduce consumption of radioactive solutions. 

In 1992, refiners began to choose a variety of routes to the synthesis of MTBE [51]. Valero Refining Marketing, in its MTBE synthesis plant, uses a butane/butylene mixture from the heavy oil cracker vapor recovery unit which on hydrogenation converts butadiene to butylene. This is then mixed with methanol in the MTBE synthesis unit, the MTBE product is separated and the butane/butene stream is charged to the alkylation unit. The butadiene is removed from the alkylation unit. This improves alkylate quality and reduces acid consumption. A block diagram of this unit is shown in Figure 3.29. 

Vacuum distillation can be thought of as fractional distillation under reduced pressure. Figure 6-2 shows a block diagram of the equipment needed for distillation down to about 0.1 torr (0.0133 kPa). 

The following block diagram (Figure Q14.1) corresponds to a control system with two loops. Reduce the block diagram to a simpler one, such as that shown in Figure Q14.2, by identifying the appropriate transfer functions Gi, 62, and G3. 

Next, the development of an appropriate system architecture resulted in the block diagram shown in Figure 3. In this configuration, the turbocompressor draws in atmospheric air and compresses it to an intermediate pressure. (Note that the specification of this intermediate pressure is a key element in assigning performance requirements to the subsystems.) In order to reduce both the size and operating temperature of the scroll compressor, an intercooler is provided to reject at least part of the... 

A schematic block diagram illustrating an entire DP-SCD detection system is shown in Fig. 2. An analytical system consists of a gas chromatogr h equipped with a split/splitless iigector with the option of a Pressurized Liquid Injection System (PLIS), wifli or without low diermal mass gas chromatogr q)hy apparatus, for sample introduction and sulfur speciation (if required) an electrically heated burner with an interface that controls the burner gas flows and temperature and a detector that contains a chemiluminescent reaction cell, ozone generator, optical filter, amplifier, and electronics. Lastly, a vacuum pump is used to keep file reaction cell under low pressure conditions to prevent loss of chemiluminescent species and to reduce collisional quenching. 

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