Reconcile

The properties of straight run diesel fuels depend on both nature of the crude oil and selected distillation range. Thus the paraffinic crudes give cuts of satisfactory cetane number but poorer cold characteristics the opposite will be observed with naphthenic or aromatic crudes. The increasing demand for diesel fuel could lead the refiner to increase the distillation end point, but that will result in a deterioration of the cloud point. It is generally accepted that a weight gain in yield of 0.5% could increase the cloud point by 1°C. The compromise between quantity and quality is particularly difficult to reconcile. 

Discuss these statements and reconcile the apparent contradiction. (Note Ref. 138.)... 

A study by Bames and co-workers of the equilibrium spreading behavior of dimyristol phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) reconciles the differences between spreading of bulk solids and dispersions of liposomes [41]. This study shows the formation of multibilayers below the monolayer at the air-water interface. An incipient phase separation, undetectable by microscopy, in DMPC-cholesterol... 

Moreover, well away from the critical point, the range of correlations is much smaller, and when this range is of the order of the range of the intenuolecular forces, analytic treatments should be appropriate, and the exponents should be classical . The need to reconcile the nonanalytic region with tlie classical region has led to attempts to solve the crossover problem, to be discussed in section A2.5.7.2. 

The scientific shidies of the early 1970s are fiill of concern whether the critical exponents detemiined experimentally, particularly those for fluids, could be reconciled with the calculated values, and at times it appeared that they could not be. However, not only were the theoretical values more uncertain (before RG calculations) than first believed, but also there were serious problems with the analysis of the experiments, in addition to those associated with the Wegner... 

To reconcile this notation with the output from TableCurve, note that... 

For nearly half a century, Mendeleev s periodic table remained an empirical compilation of the relationship of the elements. Only after the first atomic model was developed by the physicists of the early twentieth century, which took form in Bohr s model, was it possible to reconcile the involved general concepts with the specificity of the chemical elements. Bohr indeed expanded Rutherford s model of the atom, which tried to connect the chemical specificity of the elements grouped in Mendeleev s table with the behavior of electrons spinning around the nucleus. Bohr hit upon the idea that Mendeleev s periodicity could... 

The facts, in particular the dependence of first-order rate upon the concentration of acetyl nitrate (Appendix),could not be accounted for if protonated acetyl nitrate were the reagent. The same objections apply to the free nitronium ion. It might be possible to devise a means of generating dinitrogen pentoxide which would account for the facts of zeroth- and first-order nitration, but the participation of this reagent could not be reconciled with the anticatalysis by nitrate of first-order nitration. 

As regards sulphuric acid, there is here again an increase in polarity and an increase in rates of nitration when comparison is made with other solvents in the series. This gross fact would be difficult to reconcile with any mechanism, such as the one, which contains an essential forward step which would be retarded by increased polarity of the solvent. 

Because of these difficulties, special mechanisms were proposed for the 4-nitrations of 2,6-lutidine i-oxide and quinoline i-oxide, and for the nitration of the weakly basic anilines.However, recent remeasurements of the temperature coefficient of Hq, and use of the new values in the above calculations reconciles experimental and calculated activation parameters and so removes difficulties in the way of accepting the mechanisms of nitration as involving the very small equilibrium concentrations of the free bases. Despite this resolution of the difficulty some problems about these reactions do remain, especially when the very short life times of the molecules of unprotonated amines in nitration solutions are considered... 

It has not been found possible to reconcile all these observations with a simple kinetic scheme. A major difficulty is that whilst the stoichiometric concentrations of nitric acid and of acetic acid can be varied independently, the actual concentrations of these species cannot, because of the existence of the equilibrium ... 

The ratio n/c2 is called the reduced osmotic pressure-and can be plotted with or without the RT-and the zero-intercept value (subscript 0) is the limiting value of the reduced osmotic pressure. Quite an assortment of different pressure units are used in the literature in reporting n values, and the units of R in Eq. (8.88) must be reconciled with these pressure (as well as concentration) units. 

We begin our attempt to reconcile these two expressions for the excluded volume of the random coil by reviewing some ideas about random coils from Chap. 1 ... 

The first term reflects the fact that, in practice, volume fraction is not the concentration unit ordinarily used. Even for nonsolvated spheres, some factors will modify the Einstein 2.5 term merely as a result of reconciling practical concentration units with

[Pg.597]

By contrast, in SI units, the coulomb (C) is the unit of charge and is defined as an ampere second (A sec). To reconcile this with newtons and meters, the units of F and r, respectively, a proportionality constant that is numerically different from unity and which has definite units is required. For charges under vacuum we write... 

Now that the wave and particle pictures were reconciled it became clear why the electron in the hydrogen atom may be only in particular orbits with angular momentum given by Equation (1.8). In the wave picture the circumference 2nr of an orbit of radius r must contain an integral number of wavelengths... 

Reconciled data must satisfy all material and energy balance constraints and those of rate equations for which coefficients and parameters are fully known. The mathematical process of reconciUation can be described schematically as in Figure 7. 

The benzodiazepine fused azetes (353 R = Et, Pr) have been claimed as useful tranquilizers and sedatives (76BRP1448895). However, their stability and formation from benzodiazepines (352) by reaction with an aldehyde and base is hard to reconcile with the proposed structure. 

Systematic Operating Errors Fifth, systematic operating errors may be unknown at the time of measurements. Wriile not intended as part of daily operations, leaky or open valves frequently result in bypasses, leaks, and alternative feeds that will add hidden bias. Consequently, constraints assumed to hold and used to reconcile the data, identify systematic errors, estimate parameters, and build models are in error. The constraint bias propagates to the resultant models. 

The following presents guidelines for identifying, validating, reconciling, rectifying, and interpreting plant measurements to remove some of the bias from the conclusions. 

First, the reconcihation can be done separately around each module. Each module is studied alone. The measurements are reconciled to the individual module constraints without consideration of any other module with common streams. For example, the first module in the figure is reconciled, and the measurements corresponding to... 

In the second approach, the reconcihation is done sequentially from module to module within the unit under stuc. This is done typically following the primary direction of material flow. This approach reconciles the measurements for each module in turn, progressing through the entire unit under study. Consequently, the reconciled measurements from the first module are used in the reconcihation of... 

You should consider obtaining internal and external quality assurance reviews of the study (to ferret out errors in modeling, data, etc.). Independent peer reviews of the QRA results can be helpful by presenting alternate viewpoints, and you should include outside experts (either consultants or personnel from another plant) on the QRA review panel. You should also set up a mechanism wherein disputes between QRA team members (e.g., technical arguments about safety issues) can be voiced and reconciled. All of these factors play an essential role in producing a defendable, high-quality QRA. Once the QRA is complete, you must formally document your response to the project team s final report and any recommendations it contains. 

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