Recombinant vector vaccines viral vectors

The nasal tissue is highly vascularized and provides efficient systemic absorption. Compared with oral or subcutaneous administration, nasal administration enhances bioavailability and improves safety and efficacy. Chitosan enhances the absorption of proteins and peptide drugs across nasal and intestinal epithelia. Gogev et al. demonstrated that the soluble formulation of glycol chitosan has potential usefulness as an intranasal adjuvant for recombinant viral vector vaccines in cattle [276]. 

Most vaccine vectors developed to date are viral based, with poxviruses (as well as picorna viruses and adenoviruses) being used most. In general, such recombinant viral vectors elicit both... 

The use of recombinant viral vectors as vaccination tools displays considerable clinical promise. One potential complicating factor, however, centres around the possibility that previous recipient exposure to the virus being used as a vector would negate the therapeutic efficacy of the product. Such prior exposure would likely indicate the presence of circulating immune memory... 

Yokoyama, N., Maeda, K., and Mikami, T. 1997. Recombinant viral vector vaccines for veterinary use. Journal... 

The purpose of this chapter is to review and discuss the preclinical safety evaluation strategy for vaccine approaches to the prophylaxis and treatment of viral diseases. This chapter will discuss the newer approaches to vaccination and will include recombinant proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, DNA plasmids, and viral vectors with and without adjuvants. It is outside the scope of this chapter to discuss whole cells expressing immunogens, live attenuated viruses, bacteria, or parasites. 

Harrop R, John J, Carroll MW. Recombinant viral vectors cancer vaccines. Adv Drug... 

The ability of two soluble chitosan formulations (chitosan and glycol chitosan) to improve the immunogenicity of an intranasaUy administered replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 expressing BoHV-1 glycoprotein D-based vaccine was investigated in cattle (Vila et al. 2004). It was reported that soluble formulation of glycol chitosan has promising potential use as an intranasal adjuvant for recombinant viral vector vaccines in cattle. 

Several HIV vaccine systems based upon live vectors have also been developed, in an attempt to stimulate a significant T cell as well as B cell immune response. Both envelope and core antigens have been expressed in a number of recombinant viral systems, most notably in vaccinia. The clinical efficacy of these remain to be established. 

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