Reagents chlorine dioxide

Then, in fast consecutive steps, chlorine dioxide is reduced to chloride. The induced reduction of chlorate is quantitative within a few minutes. At the beginning of the titration not only the special smell but also the faint-yellowish colour of chlorine dioxide can be observed after the complete disappearance of the cerium(IV) reagent. 

Redox titrants (mainly in acetic acid) are bromine, iodine monochloride, chlorine dioxide, iodine (for Karl Fischer reagent based on a methanolic solution of iodine and S02 with pyridine, and the alternatives, methyl-Cellosolve instead of methanol, or sodium acetate instead of pyridine (see pp. 204-205), and other oxidants, mostly compounds of metals of high valency such as potassium permanganate, chromic acid, lead(IV) or mercury(II) acetate or cerium(IV) salts reductants include sodium dithionate, pyrocatechol and oxalic acid, and compounds of metals at low valency such as iron(II) perchlorate, tin(II) chloride, vanadyl acetate, arsenic(IV) or titanium(III) chloride and chromium(II) chloride. 

An experiment is described which purports to show the detonation of a mixture of chlorine dioxide (described as a stable gas ) and nitric oxide formed from the above reagents. It seems likely it demonstrates detonation of chlorine dioxide, itself, initiated by either the nitrite or nitric oxide. 

One-electron oxidants convert tertiary amines into aminium ions. Chlorine dioxide is an example of such a reagent this converts triethylamine and other tertiary alkylamines into aminium ions, which normally react further by the loss of hydrogen from an a-carbon atom. An example of a synthetic (plication of this reaction sequence is shown in Scheme 24, the inteimediate iminium ion being intercepted intramolecularly." Nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate and dioxygenyl hexafluoroantimonate, 02 SbF6, are also good one-electron oxidants which can be used at low temperature." ... 

Vella PA, Munder JA. 1993. Toxic pollutant destruction Comparison of the oxidants potassium permanganate, Fenton s reagent, and chlorine dioxide on the toxicity of substituted phenols. ACS Symp Ser 518(Em) 85-105. 

Some other metal salts and other reagents which have been used to oxidize tertiary amines to enamines include palladiumfll) chloride copper(II) chloride , copperfi) chloride with oxygen , iodine, iodine pentafluoride , chlorine dioxide S permanganate ion , manganese dioxide , AT-bromosuccinimide , benzoyl peroxide , quinones and azodiformate . ... 

Various other reagents are being tried to reduce these chlorinated materials as well as the chlorinated dioxins. These include chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, peracids, ozone, dioxiranes, and enzymes.79 Most mills switched to chlorine dioxide in the past decade to reduce the levels of chlorinated dioxins.80 This reduced the other chlorinated compounds to 0.9-1.7 kg/ton.81 When ozone is used in combination with chlorine dioxide, 1 kg of ozone can save up to 4 kg of chlorine dioxide.82 To eliminate all the chlorinated compounds in the mill effluent, it is necessary to go to a nonchlorine bleaching agent.83 This is being done in some mills in Europe.84 When this is done, the resin and fatty acids in the effluent still exhibit harmful sublethal effects on the fish in the stream. To avoid this, some mills have switched to closed systems with a total recycle of water. More will do so as they work out the technical problems involved (e.g., deposits that tend to build up).85... 

It could be deactivated by sodium bisulfite or L-cysteine.115 Substitution of chlorine dioxide for chlorine in the poultry chiller water gave no mutagenicity. No chloroform is formed when this reagent is used.116... 

The third reagent used for the preparation of wood holocelluloses, per-oxyacetic add, is of more recent date. It has been claimed to have certain advantages over sodium chlorite. Leopold found that the peroxyacetic acid method, when used in conjunction with sodium borohydride, gives a superior holocellulose. It is interesting to note that both peroxyacetic acid and chlorine dioxide are, apparently, able to effect an oxidative ringopening of phenolic compounds. ... 

Like DPD, indigo trisulphonate is not a specific reagent to ozone. How ever, it is only decolourized by such reactive oxidation agents as chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone. Other substances contained in the water, such as chlorite, chlorate and hydrogen peroxide do not interfere. Chlorine can be masked by adding malonic acid. 

Gas diffusion FIA has also been used for the online determination of chlorine dioxide in potable water. In this example, chlorophenol red was used as the chromogenic reagent and a detection limit of 0.02mgl was achieved. 

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