Readability formulae

Fiy, E., A readability formula that saves time. Journal of Reading 12 (1963). 

Szaley, T. G., Validation of the coleman readability formulae. Psychological Reports 17... 

The SMOG formula utihzes estabUshed readability formulas that match scores with the actual education level. The online SMOG calculator uses McLaughlin s formula yielding a 0.985 correlation with the grade level of readers having 100 % comprehension of the tested materials. 

The earlier sections have only considered the way atoms are bonded to each other in a molecule (topology) and how this is translated into a computer-readable form. Chemists define this arrangement of the bonds as the constitution of a molecule. The example in Figure 2-39, Section 2.5.2.1, shows that molecules with a given empirical formula, e.g., C H O, can have several different structures, which are called isomers [lOOj. Isomeric structures can be divided into constitutional isomers and stereoisomers (see Figure 2-67). 

The book thus embraces an extended study on a variety of issues within the theory of orientational ordering and phase transitions in two-dimensional systems as well as the theory of anharmonic vibrations in low-dimensional crystals and dynamic subsystems interacting with a phonon thermostat. For the sake of readability, the main theoretical approaches involved are either presented in separate sections of the corresponding chapters or thoroughly scrutinized in appendices. The latter contain the basic formulae of the theory of local and resonance states for a system of bound harmonic oscillators (Appendix 1), the theory of thermally activated reorientations and tunnel relaxation of orientational... 

SBML (Hucka et al. 2003) is a machine-readable format for describing qualitative and quantitative models of biochemical networks that use MathML for the specification of mathematical formulas. It defines a subset of the language to be used in the SBML, using a widely applicable standard, without the need to implement all features of the MathML specification. The excellent documentation provided for SBML provides an example worth following (http //sbml.org/ documents/). 

Consider taking names to increase the readability of the formulas. 

When a group of cells (a block) is carrying out a particular function, it is often easier to give the block a name which can then be used in all formulae referring to that block. This powerful feature also allows the spreadsheet to be more readable. 

To calculate and forecast the wind sea and the swell, different methods were developed. In some cases, relatively simple empirical growth formula are sufficient, which were used to generate easily readable diagrams for estimating the sea state (see Section 7.1.4.1). 

All cell contents starting with a letter are considered to be labels, all cell contents starting with a number are treated as data, and all cell contents starting with an equal sign as formulas. Formulas often have a special syntax, such as SIN(), where the brackets must enclose an argument, or PI(), where the brackets should be left empty. Excel does not mind whether you use lower-case and capital letters, but always displays them in the formula window as capitals for better readability. 

Readability scores or formulae are usually applied to the assessment of printed materials although they have on occasion been used with verbal matter as well. These scores or formulae have gradually gained popularity because of their apparent objectivity scores typically use counts of certain language variables to provide an index of probable difficulty for readers. 

The most frequently used and researched formulae are the Flesch Formulae for Reading Ease and Human Interest (1948), the Dale-Chall Formula (Klare 1974), Gunnings FOG Index (1952), Coleman Formulae (Szalay, 1965), McGlaughlin s SMOG Formula (1969), and Fry s (1968) Readability Graph. (An example of the use of Fry is shown in Figure 1.3 above.)... 

The sensitivities also can be described as the solution to a set of differ-entJ.al equations these equations are derived in Appendix A. This fact allows us to solve the model and sensitmty equations simultaneously with an ODE solver, rather than use hnite difference formulas to obtain the sensitivities. Bard provides a readable account for further study on these issues 12. Caracotsios, Stewart and Sorenson developed this approach and produced an influential software code (GREG) for parameter estimation problems in chemical reaction engineering [6, 29, 7]. 

The present BEILSTEIN Information Pool contains Handbook and Registry data of the literature time frame from 1830 to 1960. Since the handbook has primarily been published using conventional noncomputerized typesetting methods, this information pool is for the most part available only in printed form. However, the most recent 25% of the published volumes has been printed using electronic typesetting methods and is therefore available in a computer-readable form. (This concerns only the Handbook text. The structural formulas of the electronically typeset handbooks are not available in computer readable form.)... 

In this paper, the basic control constructs are presented first, and formalizations for the variable and signal assignments (excluding delta delay) and the various forms of wait statements follow in order. Lastly, delta delay signal assignment is formalized. When faced with a tradeoff between readability and efficiency, we have chosen the more readable formalization. In practice, many formulas are combinable, of course. 

This is an unconventional yet highly readable presentation of both the special and general theory of relativity. The authors avoid any complicated mathematical formulae and present the principles and ideas underlying the whole theory purely text based. It can be recommended for beginners and also for experienced readers who will find the many biographical and historical anecdotes amusing. 

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