Static reactors

Five different types of reactors, including tube reactors, static mixers and a microstructured reactor, were tested for the synthesis of an intermediate to 3deld a quinolone antibiotic drug, named Gemifloxacin (FACTIVE ) [13,14]. 

Figure 7.4c shows an in-line static mixer. Dispersion is usually promoted by repeatedly changing the direction of flow locally within the mixing device as the liquids are pumped through. This will give a good approximation to plug-flow in both phases in cocurrent flow. As with gas-liquid reactors, static mixers are particularly suitable when a short residence time is required. 

Bubble column bioreactors, 1 740-742 Bubble column reactors, static mixers in, 15 708-709... 

The Static Reactor Static reactors are conceptually simple. They consist typically of a spherical vessel that is filled with the reactive mixture. The gas phase reactants are, at least initially, maintained at the desired temperature by an oven or a thermostated bath. The progress of reaction is observed by measuring the change in pressure (reaction takes place at constant volume) or by detecting concentrations as function of time for one or several species. 

Tubular reactors are also used to carry out some multiphase reactions. Wamecke et al. (1999) reported use of a computational flow model to simulate an industrial tubular reactor carrying out a gas-liquid reaction (propylene oxide manufacturing process). In this process, liquid is a dispersed phase and gas is a continuous phase. The two-fluid model discussed earlier may be used to carry out simulations of gas-liquid flow through a tubular reactor. Warnecke et al. (1999) applied such a model to evaluate the influence of bends etc. on flow distribution and reactor performance. The model may be used to evolve better reactor configurations. In many tubular reactors, static mixers are employed to enhance mixing and other transport processes. Computational flow models can also make significant contributions to understanding the role of static mixers and for their optimization. Visser et al. (1999) reported CFD... 

Spinning disk reactor Static mixer reactor Monolithic reactors Microreactors HEX reactors... 

Bubble column, packed bubble column, sectionalized bubble column, plate column, external- and internal-loop air-lift reactors, static mixer, venturi scrubbers... 

Technologies Reactors spinning disk reactor, static mixer reactor, microreactors, heat exchange reactors, monolithic reactors, oscillatory flow reactors, trickle bed reactors... 

Introduction. The subject of reactor theory naturally divides itself into reactor statics and reactor dynamics. In reactor statics the focus of interest is on the mathematical aspects of the theory. With a few exceptions, such as the methods for obtaining cross section averages in heterogeneous systems, the physics of the problem is straightforward and relatively well understood, while a great deal of effort is devoted to methods of solution for a precisely formulated mathematical problem, the transport equation. 

The final section discusses a generalization of the theory to encompass models of distributed rather than point systems, to include the usual models of nuclear reactor statics. Besides the attraction of providing a more general (if correspondingly weaker) theory, this enables us to specialize the theory to obtain some results in reactor statics on the optimum design of systems. Where these results are already known, they illustrate the wide power of the optimum control theorem in encompassing a range of problems in a consistent, unified way. 

Assuming a linear system (as is conventional in reactor statics), the adjoint equation is the well-known... 

A more general problem can be posed in reactor statics if the system is maintained in steady state by means of an independent source, with source density or distribution 5(x). The neutron balance for such a system can then be written as... 

Safety and control calculations represent "side" calculations that are performed at each burnup step, once the proper neutron cross sections are determined, to calculate reactor behavior under accident and normal reactor control conditions. From the point of view of reactor analysis, both of these build on Steps 1-6 of analysis of the reactor static conditions to determine the reactor kinetic conditions. 

Polonium-210 Reactor Static discharge reduction in the making of photographic film and phonograph records... 

Column reactors with static packing elements provide an attractive alternative for conventional packed bed reactors, since they essentially combine the benefits of classical fixed beds and slurry reactors static mixing elements give rise to local turbulence, catalyst separation... 

Tubular Plug Flow Reaction. When the application is a laminar flow tubular reactor, static mixing internals can provide great benefits in terms of... 

Criticality studies are also termed "reactor-statics studies. In these studies the concentration of the various nuclei present can vary with time, but it is assumed that the condition of criticality will be maintained. 

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