Reactivators broad-spectrum

The successful application of heterocyclic compounds in these and many other ways, and their appeal as materials in applied chemistry and in more fundamental and theoretical studies, stems from their very complexity this ensures a virtually limitless series of structurally novel compounds with a wide range of physical, chemical and biological properties, spanning a broad spectrum of reactivity and stability. Another consequence of their varied chemical reactivity, including the possible destruction of the heterocyclic ring, is their increasing use in the synthesis of specifically functionalized non-heterocyclic structures. 

The chemically reactive gases ethylene oxide (CH2)20, and formaldehyde (methanal, H.CHO) possess broad-spectrum biocidal activity, and have found application in the... 

The past 30 years have seen the development of a broad spectrum of widely applicable preparative methods for three- and four-membered carbocycles and the accumulation of detailed knowledge about their structure-reactivity relationships. Nowadays, more and more synthetic methodology is being developed, which utilizes the potential of small ring compounds as reactive entities. Cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl moieties in a molecule can be regarded as unique functional groups they allow transformations which are far more difficult or impossible with any of the more conventional functional groups. 

The heme enzyme chloroperoxidase (CPO), produced by the marine fungus Caldariomycesfumago, is a versatile enzyme which exhibits a broad spectrum of chemical reactivities and it is recognized as a most promising biocatalyst for synthetic applications. Recently, pure (R)-phenyl methylsulfoxide (ee > 99 %) was prepared by chemo- and stereo-selective oxidation of phenyl methylsulfide with CPO in citrate buffer-ionic liquid mixtures. ... 

Non-heteroatom-substituted carbene complexes cover a broad spectrum of different reactivities, largely dependent on the electronic properties of the metal. In Chapter 1 the division of carbene complexes into Fischer-type and Schrock-type carbenes was discussed. This way of grouping carbene complexes, although difficult to apply... 

The order of reactivity of these three catalysts towards alkenes (but also towards oxygen) is 1 > 3 > 2. As illustrated by the examples in Table 3.18, these catalysts tolerate a broad spectrum of functional groups. Highly substituted and donor- or acceptor-substituted olefins can also be suitable substrates for RCM. It is indeed surprising that acceptor-substituted alkenes can be metathesized. As discussed in Section 3.2.2.3 such electron-poor alkenes can also be cyclopropanated by nucleophilic carbene complexes [34,678] or even quench metathesis reactions [34]. This seems, however, not to be true for catalysts 1 or 2. 

The photochemistry of phthalimide systems was thoroughly investigated by many groups over the last two decades. This chromophore shows a broad spectrum of reactivity leading mainly to cycloaddition and photoreduction products by either intermolecular or intramolecular processes. In the presence of electron donors, the electronically excited phthalimide could also undergo electron transfer and act as an electron acceptor. 

Reactive chemicals or their reactive intermediates, such as free radicals and other electrophilic species, may form essentially irreversible covalent bonds with adjacent macromolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and DNA, resulting in the formation of adducts. Covalent adducts can disrupt the normal function of such macromolecules and result in a broad spectrum of toxic responses. These may range from localized transient skin irritation to systemic target organ toxicity (such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and renal toxicity), genotoxicity, or carcinogenicity. 

In conclusion, the AB benzocydobutene monomers can be polymerized to form polymers with a broad range of mechanical properties. The properties of the polymers depend not only upon the type of reactive functionalities but also the nature of the linking group between functionalities. Based upon the properties presented for these homopolymers, it would seem that a broad spectrum and combination of unique thermal and mechanical properties can be obtained from these relatively simple molecules. 

As a result of the recognized role of transition metal hydrides as l reactive intermediates or catalysts in a broad spectrum of chemical reactions such as hydroformylation, olefin isomerization, and hydrogenation, transition metal hydride chemistry has developed rapidly in the past decade (J). Despite the increased interest in this area, detailed structural information about the nature of hydrogen bonding to transition metals has been rather limited. This paucity of information primarily arises since, until recently, x-ray diffraction has been used mainly to determine hydrogen positions either indirectly from stereochemical considerations of the ligand disposition about the metals or directly from weak peaks of electron density in difference Fourier maps. The inherent limi-... 

From the synthetic viewpoint, a particularly interesting trifluoroacetylation reaction of simple vinyl ethers was reported first by Hojo et al in 1976 [73] The scope and limitation of this particular reaction were elaborated intensively, the reaction proved to be of general applicability with practically no restrictions on substituents of the vinyl ether moiety 9] (equation 34) This general validity is particularly beneficial because a trifluoroacetylated vinyl ether is the synthetic equivalent of a specifically protected tnfluoromethyl-substituted 1,3-dicarbonyl compound 19], thus the reaction provides access to a broad spectrum of variously substituted synthetic building blocks with selective reactivities on each carbon acceptor (a) and donor (d) center (equation 35) Obviously, such building blocks can react as heterodiene systems m cycloaddition reactions [< 74] or can be treated with a wide variety ot 1,2 or 1 3-dinucleophihc species to give any desired tnfluoromethyl-substituted carbocychc or heterocyclic system [8 75] Treatment of simple vinyl ethers with an excess of trifluoroacetic anhydride at elevated temperature leads to doubly acylated products [76] Comparable acylation reactions occur with vinyl thioethers [73], and the mesoiomc l,3-oxathiol-4-ones show, at least in a formal sense, similar behavior [77] (equation 36)... 

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