Ratio sunflower

Guy, R.D. Wample, R.L. (1984). Stable carbon isotope ratios of flooded and non- flooded sunflowers Helianthus annuus). Canadian Journal of Botany, 62, 1770-4. 

Their fourth study24 was conducted with a select group of three subjects. A highly purified mixture of cafestol and kahweol was dissolved in placebo oil (sunflower oil and palm oil, 3 2 ratio) to a concentration equiva-... 

Langdon advanced to the next slide—a close-up of a sun-(25) flower s seed head. Sunflower seeds grow in opposing spirals. Can you guess the ratio of each rotation s diameter to the next ... 

The pulses and certain oilseeds (soy, peanuts, sunflower seed, sesame, and glandless cottonseed) were first accepted by man for their storage stability, high nutrition-to-weight ratio, and attractiveness of the foods that can be made from them. 

Fig. 4 HPLC separation of water-degummed and crude sunflower oil phospholipids on a 250 X 4-mm column packed with Lichrosorb Si-60 according to the AOCS method. The mobile phase consisted of hexane, 2-propanol, and acetate buffer of pH 4.2 in a volumetric ratio of 8/8/1 at 2 ml/min. Detection was accomplished by UV absorption at 206 nm. (Reproduced from Ref. 34 with permission of the American Oil Chemists Society.)...

Allman et al. (1995) noted that platelet EPA levels were more than double for individuals fed flaxseed oil compared to sunflower oil group. Platelet EPArarachidonic acid ratio (i.e., marker for thromboxane production and platelet aggregation potential) increased in the flaxseed group, thus a protective effect against cardiovascular disease, over LA-rich oils, would be expected. Their findings support the decreased platelet aggregation observed in hyperlipidemic subjects fed flaxseed (Bierenbaum et al., 1993). 

Plutonium is deposited on plant tissues by fallout and by resuspension from soil. Pinder et al. (1985) and Pinder McLeod (1988) measured 238Pu and 239+240pu in topsoil and in corn and sunflower foliage near the Savannah River Plant. Because the ratio of Pu isotopes in contemporary fallout was different from that in soil, Pinder et al. were able to estimate how much of the Pu on the foliage derived from the soil. They found that, at harvest, resuspended soil on foliage amounted to about 0.8 g per m2 of ground area. 

One paper from the group of Zhang reports [75] on the testing of various oils with MT0/H202 with CH3CN as solvent and imidazole as the nitrogen base. A base/MTO/H202/double bond ratio of 50 1 250 100 is used, and excellent results are obtained after 2 h at room temperature. Fatty acid methyl ester, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, and palm oil can all be epoxidized with >99% selectivity and >98% yield with this system. 

Canola oil is characterized by a low level of saturated fatty acids (less than 4% palmitic acid) and relatively high levels of oleic acid (60%) and a-linolenic acid (10%). It is second only to olive oil, among the common fats and oils, in oleic acid level and, except for soybean oil, the only common dietary fat that contains a significant amount of a-linolenic acid. Furthermore, there is a favorable balance in the levels of linolenic and linoleic acids (viz., 18 3/18 2 ratio of 1 2) in canola oil. Canola oil has been found equally as effective as soybean oil, safflower oil, and sunflower oil in reducing plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels in normolipi-demic subjects. It also was effective in reducing plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels in hyperlipidemic subjects when it replaced saturated fat in their diets. Canola oil diets also have been shown to affect the fatty acid composition of blood... 

High-oleic sunflower oil, with very low PUFA levels, may well suit the requirements of processors, but it does not support the work of nutritionists who recommend n-6/n-3 ratios within the range 5 to 10. In addition, HOSO does not represent an increased intake of family n-3 fatty acids as recommended by nutritionists, the linolenic acid content being very low for all types of sunflower oil. 

The content and ratio of NHP in an oil differs significantly depending on the method applied (Table 17). The NHP content is lower in extracted and mixed oils (67). The NHP content of sunflower oil is low, and degumming may readily be accomplished. Dimic et al. (67) studied a simplified process for pretreatment of sunflower oil with the application of multiple acid degumming stages. 

Sunflower oil extracted from different types of hybrid may have different compositions. It is expected that the degree of unsaturation will influence the oxidative stability of sunflower oil markedly. AOM time measurements were used to determine the influence of oleic/linoleic ratio on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil (36). Oil samples extracted (refined and deodorized) from three progenies of cultivar Per-venets were analyzed, as well as other oil samples from different regions of the United States. The oleic acid content thus ranged from 18% to 89%, and the linoleic acid content decreased from 69% to 1 % the saturated fatty acid content was nearly constant. AOM values increased from 11 hours for the oil containing the least amount of oleic acid to 100 hours for that with the oleic acid highest content. These results show the importance of monounsaturated fatty acid content on the oxidative stabihty of sunflower oil. 

Raw and acidulated RBL are combined in dilferent ratios with animal tallow to produce soaps of varying characteristics. Palm oil and coconut oil are the dominant fatty acid sources for soap manufacturing. Coconut oil and tallow are complementary in fatty acid composition such that in combination they provide the ingredients of toilet soap (96). There has been speculation regarding the use of safflower and sunflower RBL in this capacity if alterations were made to processing methods. Cottonseed and soybean RBLs are available in large quantities but the cost of upgrading these to the quality necessary for use in toilet soap inhibits their use. 

Hydrolysis has traditionally been used for the production of fatty acids and glycerols, which find widespread apphcation in soaps and detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products (174). Hydrolysis of soybean (181), canola (147, 208, 209), sunflower (149, 181, 210), tuna (150), and blackcurrant oils (145), tri-palmitin (146), triolein (211), and ethyl stearate (202) in SCCO2 has been reported. These investigations employed a variety of lipases, including immobilized lipase from porcine pancreas (211), Novozyme 435 (146, 181), Lipozyme (147, 150, 208, 209), non-immobilized Candida rugosa (150, 181), Lipase OL (150), and Lipolase lOOT (149, 181, 210). The effects of water content, enzyme load, operating conditions (temperature and pressure), pH, enzyme/substrate ratio, oil/buffer ratio, and CO2 flow rate (for continuous reactions) on the hydrolysis reaction were reported. 

For antioxidant formulation for fats and oil products, the number of additives and the ratio of the additives depends in a large part on the food product to be treated. For example, one can examine the results of Pongracz (641) wherein ascorbyl palmitate and -tocopherol were added singularly and combined to six different fats and oils, and the differences in response were noted. The combination antioxidant was most effective in animal fats, butter fat, and lard, and ascorbyl ascorbate was quite effective alone in vegetable and peanut oils, soybean, palm oil, and sunflower oil (Table XXII). The procedure for adding ascorbyl palmitate to an oil product is as follows ascorbyl palmitate (20-50 g) is dissolved in heated (100°C) oil or fat (5 kg), and the resulting warm... 

For the intended application of MASX/MADS, ther are numerous candidates for solvents, as well as a range of possible contaminants in the groundwater. Table II gives the distribution ratios and Henry s Law constants for three selected contaminants treated with a water-sunflower oil system at 20°C. This table was generated from published data.(24)... 

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