Raster images

Megaelectron volt (MeV) ion beam techniques offer a number of non-destructive analysis methods that allow to measure depth profiles of elemental concentrations in material surfaces. Elements are identified by elastic scattering, by specific nuclear reaction products or by emission of characteristic X-rays. With nuclear microprobes raster images of the material composition at the surface can be obtained. Particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) is especially suited for fluorine detection down to the ppm concentration level. 

Many elements of a controlled vocabulary are effectively defined by software implementation. Thus, the description of the HTML language requires certain elements to have specified behavior. For example, supports the display of raster images, but the precise look may vary between implementations and file types. Implementation through software is useful and powerful where authors, publishers, readers, and processors all use the same system. Because STM publishing is increasingly multidisciplinary, this implementation becomes problematic. Often a reader may have to download specialist software that is idiosyncratic and that may not have enough functionality, especially the export of semantically rich data. Moreover, the semantic rules are often buried deep in the software and difficult to understand precisely. 

Gkoutos, G. V., H. Rzepa, R. M. Clark, O. Adjei, and H. Johal. 2003. Chemical machine vision automated extraction of chemical metadata from raster images. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(5) 1342-1355. 

Nguyen A., Zinner E., and Lewis R. S. (2003) Identification of small presolar spinel and corundum grains by isotopic raster imaging. Proc. 6th Torino Workshop, Publ. Astron. Soc. Australia, (in press). 

Integatlon of binary raster images of line drawings in a databank is state-of-the-art and problems related to a pixel representation of Images (facsimile encoding) are well-known. Particularly, compression of the voluminous data files is needed. 

If conversion for printing is done by software for raster image processing, then this, as well as the format in which the converted file is saved, can also be a source of color shift. 

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Topographic map in the form of a raster image the land surface is represented by coordinate triplets [x, y, z],... 

The map of risk of lack of water supply can be created for all types of water pipes on the basis of available data. Generated maps can be enriched by reports and charts that will clearly show the results to the water consumer. The maps in the application can be browse, edit and it is possible to analyse all kinds of data. There is also the ability to integrate data from different sources such as shape files (.shp), information layers, tables, CAD files, raster images and numerical terrain models. It is possible to browse and search interesting data and identify relationships between localized objects. 

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