Rapid-eye movement sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep stage characterized by rapid movements of the eyes and asynchronous EEG activity in the theta-frequency (5-10Hz) range. Counterpart is slow wave sleep, characterized by other electrophysiological (synchronized low frequency l-2Hz, large amplitude EEG and neuronal sharp wave-ripple oscillations) and endocrine (growth hormone surge) activities. 

S = Sleep disturbances (insomnia, rapid eye movement sleep behavioral disorder, restless legs syndrome)... 

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Figure 2.1 Schematic of the rat brain (sagittal section) showing the approximate location of important brain structures controlling wakefulness and REM sleep. Abbreviations AH, anterior hypothalamus BF, basal forebrain DL pons, dorsolateral pons (rapid eye movement sleep control area) M-RA, Magoun/Rhines inhibitory area in the ventral medulla PH, posterior hypothalamus.

Baghdoyan, H. A. Lydic, R. (1999). M2 muscarinic receptor subtype in the feline medial pontine reticular formation modulates the amount of rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep 22, 835-47. 

Horner, R. L., Sanford, L. D., Annis, D., Pack, A. I. Morrison, A. R. (1997). Serotonin at the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus suppresses rapid-eye-movement sleep in freely behaving rats. J. Neurosci. 17, 7541-52. 

Portas, C. M., Thakkar, M., Rainnie, D. McCarley, R. W. (1996). Microdialysis perfusion of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetrahn (8-OH-DPAT) in the dorsal raphe nucleus decreases serotonin release and increases rapid eye movement sleep in the freely moving cat. J. Neurosci. 16, 2820-8. 

Rapid eye movement sleep regulation by modulation of the noradrenergic system... 

Gulyani, S. Mallick, B. N. (1993). Effect of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on rat brain Na-K ATPase activity. J. Sleep Res. 2, 45-50. 

Gulyani, S Majumdar, S. Mallick, B. N. (2000). Rapid eye movement sleep and significance of its deprivation studies - a review. Sleep and Hypnosis 2, 49-68. 

Jouvet, M. (1999). Around the discovery of REM sleep in cats. In Rapid Eye Movement Sleep, ed. B. N. Mallick S. Inoue, pp. v-ix. New York, NY Marcel Dekker. 

Kaur, S., Saxena, R. N. Malhck, B. N. (1997). GABA in locus coeruleus regulates spontaneous rapid eye movement sleep by acting on GABAA receptors in freely moving rats. Neurosci. Lett. 223, 105-8. 

Kaur, S., Panchal, M., Faisal, M. et al. (2004). Long term blocking of GABA-A receptor in locus coeruleus by bilateral microinfusion of picrotoxin reduced rapid eye movement sleep and increased brain Na-K ATPase activity in freely moving normally behaving rats. Behav. Brain Res. 151, 185-90. 

Mallick, B. N., Kaur, S. 8r Saxena, R. N. (2001). Interactions between cholinergic and GABAergic neurotransmitters in and around the locus coeruleus for the induction and maintenance of rapid eye movement sleep in rats. Neuroscience 104, 467-85. 

Mallick, B. N., Thankachan, S. Islam, F. (2004a). Influence of hypnogenic brain areas on wakefulness- and rapid-eye-movement sleep-related neurons in the brainstem of freely moving cats. J. Neurosci. Res. 75, 133-42. 

Mallick, B. N., Singh, S. Pal, D. (2005). Role of alpha and beta adrenoceptors in locus coeruleus stimulation-induced reduction in rapid eye movement sleep in freely moving rats. Behav. Brain Res. 158, 9-21. 

Porkka-Heiskanen, T., Smith, S. E., Taira, T. et al. (1995). Noradrenergic activity in rat brain during rapid eye movement sleep deprivation and rebound sleep. Am. J. Physiol 268, R1456-63. 

Gamma-aminobutyric acid and the regulation of paradoxical, or rapid eye movement, sleep... 

Bourgin, P., Escourrou, P., Gaultier, C. Adrien, J. (1995). Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation in the rat. Neuroreport 6, 532-6. 

Bourgin, P., Huitron-Resendiz, S., Spier, A. D. el al. (2000). Hypocretin-1 modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of locus coeruleus neurons. J. Neurosci. 20, 7760-5. 

Maquet, P., Peters, J., Aerts, J. et at (1996). Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Nature 383, 163-6. 

Pollock, M. S. Mistlberger, R. E. (2003). Rapid eye movement sleep induction by microinjection of the GABA-A antagonist bicuculline into the dorsal subcoeruleus area of the rat. Brain Res. 962, 68-77. 

Xi, M. C., Morales, F. R. Chase, M. H. (2004). Interactions between GABAergic and chohnergic processes in the nucleus pontis oralis neuronal mechanisms controlling active (rapid eye movement) sleep and wakefulness. J. Neurosci. 24, 10670-8. 

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