Range Resources

Robert McNamara, the secretary of defense, and few policymakers in London cotdd have remained unaware of the concept of opportunity cost when considering the long-range resource implications of new projects for weapons systems. Opportunity cost, represented by alternative uses to which resources employed in research and development, or production, or strategic deployment, could be put, and cost-effectiveness of weapons systems and strategies, provide the conceptual bases of this book. 

Not all sensory modalities are equally subject to disruption by changes in environmental conditions. The effectiveness of olfaction in long-range resource finding by insects depends on wind velocity and direction (as outlined in Chapter 3) and the effectiveness of vision depends upon light intensity (Goldsmith and Bernard, 1974). In contrast, olfaction when in contact with the source as well as gustation and mechanoreception are not subject to these disruptions. 

The USEPA s partners in conducting the prospective case studies are Chesapeake Energy Corporation in DeSoto Parish, Louisiana, and Range Resources Corporation in Washington County, Pennsylvania. The USEPA will release initial study results in a 2012 report and an additional report at... 

Washington County, Changes in drinking Determine if drinking Range Resources... 

Dow will add about 5 billion poxmds of ethylene capacity in the United States [16,18] through 2017, primarily on the Gulf Coast, with Range Resources supplying Dow s Louisiana operations the shale-gas-based ethane feedstock from the Marcellus region in Southwest Pennsylvania. The cost of ethylene produced from ethane is approximately 600 a ton as compared to 1,200 a ton for ethylene produced from crude-oil-based naphtha [17]. 

In the feasibility phase the project is tested as a concept. Is it technically feasible and is it economically viable There may be a number of ways to perform a particular task (such as develop an oil field) and these have to be judged against economic criteria, availability of resources, and risk. At this stage estimates of cost and income (production) profiles will carry a considerable uncertainty range, but are used to filter out unrealistic options. Several options may remain under consideration at the end of a feasibility study. 

Unfortunately, the resources required for these numerically exact methods grow exponentially with the number of degrees of freedom in the system of interest. Without the use of clever algorithms to optimize the basis set used [106,107], this limits the range of systems treatable to 4-6 degrees of freedom (3-4 atoms). For larger systems, the MCTDH method [19,20,108] provides a... 

A realistic assessment of biomass as an energy resource is made by calculating average surface areas needed to produce sufficient biomass at different aimual yields to meet certain percentages of fuel demand for a particular country (Table 2). These required areas are then compared with surface areas available. The conditions of biomass production and conversion used ia Table 2 are either within the range of 1993 technology and agricultural practice, or are beheved to be attainable ia the future. 

Water sources for direct thermal uses range ia temperature from less than 30°C to over 90°C. Resources ia desirable locations can often be reached by simply drilling a few hundred feet into the earth. Hot water caimot be economically transported very far. AH direct thermal uses of hydrothermal energy are tied to the quantity and quaHty of nearby hydrothermal resources. 

Herbicides are also sometimes classified according to mode of action, selectivity, registered uses, and toxicity. The ever-increasing importance of herbicides and other pesticides and agrochemicals to a wide range of users, regulators, and researchers has led to the development of multiple and extensive computer databases. The primary database resources contain collected information relevant to herbicides, and numerous resource pubHcations are available to those needing information on the various aspects of herbicides (2). 

Apatite and other phosphorites constitute a substantial resource of rare earths. The REO content is highly variable and ranges from trace amounts to over 1%. Apatite- [1306-05-4] rich tailings of the iron ore at Mineville, New York, have been considered a potential source of yttrium and lanthanides. Rare-earth-rich apatites are found at the Kola Peninsula, Russia, and the Phalaborwa complex in South Africa. In spite of low REO content apatites could become an important source of rare earths because these are processed in large quantities for the manufacturing of fertilisers (qv). 

Lithium [7439-93-2] Li, an element with unique physical and chemical piopeities, is useful ia a wide range of applications. The estimated iaciease ia future demand has led to the development of lower cost resources as weU as additional plant openings. Capacity as of this writing (ca 1994) is ia excess of demand. 

Deep-sea manganese nodules represent a significant potential mineral resource. Whereas the principal constituent of these deposits is manganese, the primary interest has come from the associated metals that the nodules can also contain (see Ocean rawmaterials). For example, metals can range from 0.01—2.0% nickel, 0.01—2.0% copper, and 0.01—2.25% cobalt (12). Recovery is considered an economic potential in the northwestern equatorial Pacific, and to a lesser degree in the southern and western Pacific and Indian Oceans (13—18). 

Foreign. The OECD/NEA and IAEA have issued annual reports on world uranium resources, production, and demand since the mid-1960s (2—6). NEA/IAEA data for reasonably assured and estimated additional resources at costs of 80 and 130/kg uranium are given in Table 2 (21). These estimates incorporate data from both former world outside centrally planned economies (WOCA) and non-WOCA nations. A summary of other known uranium resources with and without cost range estimates is provided in Table 3 (22). These resources total about 1.4 x 10 t and include estimates that are not strictly consistent with standard NEA/IAEA definitions. 

Estimates of speculative lesouices (SR) at 130/kg uianium and those having an unassigned cost range are provided ia Table 4 (23). These resources, which total about 11.28 x 10 t, would be ia addition to the reasonably assured and estimated additional resources. Estimates of uranium resources from unconventional and by-product sources are presented ia Table 5 (24). These resources total about 7 x 10 t for phosphates, 0.013 x 10 t for nonferrous ores, 0.016 x 10 t for carbonates, and 0.014 x 10 t for lignites. These would be ia addition to the reasonably assured resources, estimated additional resources, and the speculative resources (24). 

Includes oil shale in known resources, in extensions of known resources, and in undiscovered but anticipated resources. Numbers represent shale oil yield range in L/t. To convert L/t to gal/short ton, multiply by 0.2397. 

Polyesters are known to be produced by many bacteria as intracellular reserve materials for use as a food source during periods of environmental stress. They have received a great deal of attention since the 1970s because they are biodegradable, can be processed as plastic materials, are produced from renewable resources, and can be produced by many bacteria in a range of compositions. The thermoplastic polymers have properties that vary from soft elastomers to rigid brittie plastics in accordance with the stmcture of the pendent side-chain of the polyester. The general stmcture of this class of compounds is shown by (3), where R = CH3, n = >100, and m = 0-8. 

Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR) refers to uranium in known mineral deposits of size, grade, and configuration such that recovery is within the given production cost ranges with currentiy proven mining and processing technology. The majority of these resources are found in AustraUa, Brazil,... 

D. S. PoweU, J. L. Faulkner, D. R. Darr, Z. Zhu, and D. W. MacCleery, Porest Resources of the United States, 1992, General Technical Report RM-234, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Pt. Collins, Colo., 1993, 132 pp. 

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