Radius Measurement

Bends are described by their radius measurements. The ideal bend radius is 2 to 3 times the ID, as shown in Figure 40.27. For example, if the ID of a line is 2 inches, the radius of the bend should be between 5 and 6 inches. 

P — 2S Lamb shift in hydrogen will be reduced to a comparable level, it would be possible to determine the proton radius with relative error smaller that 3 X 10 or with absolute error about 2 x 10 fm, to be compared with the current accuracy of the proton radius measurements producing the results with error on the scale of 0.01 fm. 

Steric stabilization of poly(2-ethyl hexyl acrylate) (PEHA) emulsions in C02 was studied with static and dynamic light scattering (DLS) (O Neill et al., 1997 Yates et al., 1997). These emulsions were stabilized with PFOA-based surfactants. Figure 8.9 shows the average droplet size (hydrodynamic radius) measured by DLS for a liquid PEHA emulsion in C02 stabilized... 

Three mesoporous silica gels, with variable mean pore radius and specific surface area, have been studied. The substrates are named according to their approximated mean pore diameter. Measured values appeared to differ somewhat from the product names.30 The Kieselgels 40, 60 and 100 have a mean pore diameter of 4.2, 7.0 and 12.0 nm, respectively. Specific surface area increases with decreasing pore radius. Measured values, using the BET method, are given in table 9.3. 

Ivanov and Karshenboim [11] have determined a theoretical value for the 25 i/2 — 2P3/2 transition in 14jV6+ of 834.928(7) cm-1, where the error is dominated by the uncertainty in the two-loop binding corrections. Other QED corrections, and the nuclear size correction (based on the stated error of the nuclear rms charge radius measurements), contribute only about 0.001 cm-1. Hence an experimental precision of 0.002 cm-1 or better would provide an interesting test of the two-loop corrections. This corresponds to subdivision of the 8 cm-1 natural resonance FWHM by a factor of 4000. 

Let us imagine the charges e of the dipole at the positions of the nuclei of the atoms such that s d = fx. The minimum distance for the negative pole of the C—Cl dipole is then determined by the Van der Waals radius of the chlorine atom (Table 17) this is 1.8 A. With the OH group the Van der Waals radius measured from the nucleus of the oxygen atom is 1.40 A. Since the O—H distance is 0.97 A, however, the shortest distance for the (positive) pole to the edge of the Van der Waals sphere is now 0.43 A. 

Here Rs represents the pore radius measured from the center of the surface atoms, and p is the mean pore density. The radial density profile p(r) is obtained from simulations, while the local viscosity is evaluated using the method of Chung et al. [17], at a density locally averaged over a sphere of radius aj /2 [18]. The radius To in eq. (4) represents... 

A collimated beam test is carried out to determine the UV microorganism s dose-response. The UV intensity (incident irradiance) of 1.00 mW/cm is measured using a radiometer. A 25-mL microbial suspension is irradiated for 60 s in a Petri dish. The irradiation time is monitored using a stopwatch. The Petri dish radius, measured using a ruler with 1 mm graduations, is 2.5 cm. The stir bar volume is 1 mL. The UV decadic absorption coefficient ( jq) of the microbial suspension for a 1-cm path length at 254 ran is 0.050 cm T The Petri... 

A comparison of the hole radius (measured at a constant growth time of 430 s) indicates an exponential relaxation (see Fig. 26), yielding a decay time of about 30 min for the hole-opening driving force. 

Figure 9 Force normalized by radius measured between two hy-drophobized mica surfaces in crossed cylinder geometry across aqueous solutions of dodecylammonium chloride the surfactant concentration was 0.01 mM ( ), 0.1 mM ( ), and 1 mM (A), respectively. The arrows indicate inward jumps occurring when the force barrier has been overcome. (Redrawn from Ret 39, with permission.)...

Figure 10 Force normalized by radius measured between hydrophobized mica surfaces in crossed cylinder geometry across a 6 x 10 M aqueous solution of penta(oxyethylene) dodecyl ether. The temperature was 15°C ( ), 20°C ( ), 30°C ( ), and 37°C ( ). The lines are guides for the eye. (Redrawn from Ref. 40, with permission.)...

Illston [134] found a good relation between the maximum continuous pore radius, measured with mercury porosimeter and permeability (Fig. 5.61). The maximum continuous pores radius is defined as a pore size at which the maximum on the pore distribution curve occurs (see Fig. 5.27). This maximum radius of continuous pore system decreases with the time of hydration, as a space between cement grains is filled with hydration products. The term continuous pores was firstly used by Winslow and Diamond [135] they attributed it to the maximum on the pores size distribution curve, as it could be derived from the flow of mercuiy through the main, continuous pore chaimels. However below the peak mercuiy is intmding only to the local pore channels [135]. Mehta and Manmohan [136] are considering... 

In Figure 4.8 it is seen that sorption capacity is linearly related to total pore volume for pores with a 1- to 600-pm radius, measured by mercury porosimetry using a special dilatometer [54]. Therefore, it can be concluded that effective pore sizes for sorption of heavy oil are in the range of 1 to 600 pm, most of which are located among the wormlike particles in other words, most of the heavy oil is sorbed into the void spaces formed by entanglements of the wormlike particles of... 

Fig. 1. Depiction of the formamide-water system that was studied, a is the sphere radius, measured from the center of mass of the supermolecule . Si and Su correspond to rotations in the plane of the supermolecule with rf=0° and 180°, respectively, while is a clockwise rotation of H2O about...

Figure 2.27 shows the relation between the friction force and the peak curvature radius measured on SAM-coated plates. The data for each plate were fitted with a line. Similar to the pull-off force, the friction force for the SAM-coated plates increased with increasing peak curvature radius. The degree of reduction in the friction force due to the SAM coating was considerably larger than that in the pull-off force (fig. 2.24). For example, the slopes of the fitted lines for the SAM-coated plates Cg to Cis are less than l/5th of that for the uncoated plate Q. Moreover, those for the SAM-coated plates C14 and Cjs are particularly small. 

Relativistic effects in chemistry manifest themselves in several ways. The Bohr radius measuring the extension of an atomic orbital is given by... 

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