Radiation transmission

Radiation transmission methods, in which thickness is determined by (measured as) the shadow cast from a radioactive source, are limited to... 

The atmospheric transmissivity, t, greatly affects the radiation transmission by absorption and scattering by the separating atmosphere. Absorption may be as high as 20-40%. Pietersen and Huerta (1985) give a correlation that accounts for humidity (equation 9.1-31), where t = atmospheric transmissivity, = water partial pressure (Pascals), X = distance from flame surface to target (m). 

Nanocrystalline iron-doped Ti02 samples (as-prepared S2 and annealed at 500°C S4 [7]) and undoped samples (Si and S3 [8]) were S5mthesised by a modified sol-gel method. The details of preparation were reported earlier [7, 8]. The X-ray diffiaction of the samples was carried out at room temperature using a Philips powder diffractometer (PW 1820) with monochromatized CuXa radiation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SAED investigations were carried out by using a JEOL JEM 2010 200 kV microscope, Cs=0.5 mm, point resolution 0.19 nm. 

A 45-millicurie 60Co source, stainless steel encapsulated, is bolted onto an adjustable plastic jig (not shown) for. insertion into the source hole in the lead block. This allows the source to be precisely positioned in the slit for max radiation transmission. With the source in position an additional shield consisting of a combination of lead bricks and concrete blocks is placed around and under the assembly on the table to maintain a permissible level of radiation for the operator... 

Moreover, theoretical studies based on the radiation transmission in ARROW structures demonstrate that light remains confined in the membrane and does not exit, so the interaction of light with the solution matrix is avoided. In this way, any possible interference caused by residual absorbance, turbidity or refractive index changes of the solution matrix is prevented. 

In a body of infinite thickness, the radiation transmission of heat resulting from the absorption process and from emission may bs described by a relationship formally indenlical with the Fourier law (18) where ths radiation thermal conductivity is defined by the relation... 

In another direction, words ending in -tion, such as absorption, reflection, radiation, transmission, and diffraction, are process terms. As such, they should not be used for the entity absorbed, radiated, or transmitted, nor for the corresponding measured values, such as absorptance, absorbance, reflectance, and transmittance. 

Quartz fiber optics. These have been found to be very useful for radiation transmission. Small lenses are used so as to respect the opening angle of the fiber. This depends on the refractive index of the material, which because of optical transmission... 

Using optical fibers, mid-lR spectroscopy has been used for online analysis and remote sampling [84]. Fibers used in the mid-lR region are produced from oxides, chalcogenides, and halides of various elements. To be useful, the fibers must have IR radiation transmission capability over short distances. Like ATR crystals, fibers are based on the total reflection of radiation inside a material. 

Radiation transmission methods, in which thickness is determined by (measured as) the shadow cast from a radioactive source, are limited to pieces of equipment small enough to be illuminated by small radioactive sources. There are several schemes for highlighting cracks. If the metal is appropriate, magnetic particles can be used to accentuate cracks. Magnetic particles will congregate along... 

X-ray dii action spectra of the samples were recorded with a PW 1050 Philips spectrometer with Co Ka incident radiation. Transmission electron micrographs and electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) analysis were obtained with a Philips CM 12 instrument equipped with Philips 9100 attachment. 

Incorporation of a mobile internal sensor to measure the radiation transmission inside the inner reactor tube... 

When measuring the radiation transmission in sluiry-type photocatalytic reactors, the use of collimators made of different materials is highly recommended. UV-opaque and inner-polished aluminum collimators can be attached to the reactor windows to limit... 

Several collimator sizes discriminate between radiations reaching the sensor at different incident angles. Inner-polished aluminum collimators of several sizes can be used to determine the effective extinction coefficients and to assess the total radiation transmission through the sluny at the outer reactor wall (Figure 3.7). 

It is recommended to monitor a number of parameters such as temperature, reaction time, pH, and radiation transmission conditions during the progress of the photocatalytic reaction. 

Salaices M., 2002, Photocatalysis in Slimy Reactors Radiation, Transmission and Kinetic Modeling. PhD Dissertation, University of Western Ontario. 

Radiation measurements are taken at several axial positions in Photo-CREC Water-II using UV-opaque collimators and UV-reflecting collimators. These collimators allow (Chapter III) the determination of average values of the radiation transmission in the... 

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