Radiation correction factor

When this was done for radiation, correction factors from specific-locus experiments had to be used,303 73 because they were not yet available for dominant skeletal mutations themselves. 

Radiation Correction Factor. Bromley [190] suggested a value of J = 0.75 as a multiplier for the radiation heat transfer coefficient in Eq. 15.155. Detailed analytical studies by Sakurai and Shiotsu [180] show that J can vary over a wide range they fitted the following expression to their analytical results for cylinders ... 

Water Vapor The contribution to the emissivity of a gas containing H9O depends on Tc andp L and on total pressure P and partial pressure p . Table 5-8 gives constants for use in evaluating . Allowance for departure from the special pressure conditions is made by multiplying by a correction factor C read from Fig. 5-21 as a function of (p + P) and p ,L. The absorptivity 0t of water vapor for blackbody radiation is evaluated from Table 5-8 but at T instead of Tc and at p LT /Tc instead of p, h. Multiply by (Tc/Ti)° . ... 

The correction factor C still applies. Spectral data for water vapor, tabulated for 371 wavelength intervals from 1 to 40 Im, are also available [Ferriso, Ludwig, and Thompson, J. Quant. Spectm.s. Radiat. Tran.sfer, 6, 241-273 (1966)]. The principal emission is in bands at about 2.55 to 2.84, 5.6 to 7.6, and 12 to 25 jlm. 

For grey walls, the correction factor allowing for multiple reflection of incident radiation is ... 

F Geometric factor for radiation or correction factor for logarithmic mean temperature difference ... 

Outputs from the LSC must be corrected for background radiation and counting efficiency. The parts-per-million (ppm) equivalent to the radioactive chemical in a biological, soil or water sample can then be determined by accounting for aliquot size, specific activity, and other correction factors specific for the sample. Partitioning characteristics and chromatographic data can be treated in a like manner. Although many... 

Civ = correction factor for pressure broadening of radiation from water vapor. d = particle diameter. 

Outside diameter of inner of concentric tubes Inside diameter of outer of concentric tubes Fin efficiency Radiation exchange factor Bypass correction factor, heat transfer Bypass correction factor, pressure drop Leakage correction factor, heat transfer Leakage correction factor, pressure drop Tube row correction factor... 

An electronic measuring device is used for the measurement of quantities such as illuminance. It is composed of an amplifier, sensing device, filters, and a readout device. The ICH document does not specify which of the several different detector heads and filters available should be used. Photometric measurements are all weighed for human vision and as such do not measure the true amount of incident radiation. Table 1 listed the correction factors that are applied for a photometric detector and Figures 4 to 6 show how these corrections distort the actual data obtained (29). 

Bond, W. L. Equi-inclination Weissenberg intensity correction factors for absorption in spheres and cylinders, and for crystal monochromatized radiation. Acta Cryst. 12, 375-381 (1959). 

Because most, but not all, emitted X-rays come from the surface of the wafer, a wafer thickness measurement is made prior to each XRF analysis to enable a wafer thickness correction factor to be applied. The equipment for measuring wafer thickness is made up of an Fe-55 nuclear source and a Geiger tube radiation detector (Figure 5). Thickness measurements of the known standards and shipboard sediment wafers are carried out by positioning the wafer between the nuclear source and the radiation detector and recording the attenuation of the X-ray radiation as it passes through the sediment sample. A comparison of the wafer data to that of the calibrated samples enables rapid, nondestructive determination of the thickness of the sediment samples (Figure 6). 

An emitter, whose emissive power, or heat flux emitted by radiation, reaches the maximum value qs in (1.58), is called a black body. This is an ideal emitter whose emissive power cannot be surpassed by any other body at the same temperature. On the other hand, a black body absorbs all incident radiation, and is, therefore, an ideal absorber. The emissive power of real radiators can be described by using a correction factor in (1.58). By putting... 

A plot of R vs. a is given in Fig. 9-15 for typical values involved in the 111 reflection from aluminum with Cu Aa radiation, namely,/It = 1.0 and 0 = 19.25°. (Values of 100/i are tabulated in [G.l 1, vol. 2, p. 307] and values of 1 /R by Taylor [G.19].) Figure 9-15 shows that the integrated intensity of the reflection decreases as a increases in the clockwise direction from zero, even for a specimen containing randomly oriented grains. In the measurement of preferred orientation, it is therefore necessary to divide each measured intensity by the appropriate value of the correction factor R in order to arrive at a figure proportional to the pole density. From the way in which the correction factor R was derived, it follows that we must measure the integrated intensity of the diffracted beam. To do this with a fixed... 

The absorption of the exciting radiation is only proportional to the density of analyte atoms and the depth of the atom reservoir in the first approximation. As the intensity decreases with the depth because of absorption, a correction factor... 

Since we have to transmit a large amount of spectral data exactly and quickly in rocket, balloon, and satellite experiments, a digital data transmission method is indispensable. For example, in the spectra shown in Figure 14, which were transmitted by an FM analog telemetry, there is noise which is associated with element-to-element sensitivity radiations. If the sensitivity of each element is measured before the experiment, correction factors, for these variations, can be made and therefore correct the raw spectral data transmitted by the PCM telemetry. However, exact correction for spectra transmitted by the analog telemetry (see Figure 14) is impossible, since these rapid variations are filtered to some extent, i.e., high frequency components are lost. 

Note that the probability P is the attenuation correction factor, which is independent of the location of positron annihilation and depends on the total thickness of the tissue. If an external radiation passes through the body,... 

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