Radial injection

Hoechst WHP Process. The Hoechst WLP process uses an electric arc-heated hydrogen plasma at 3500—4000 K it was developed to industrial scale by Farbwerke Hoechst AG (8). Naphtha, or other Hquid hydrocarbon, is injected axially into the hot plasma and 60% of the feedstock is converted to acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, soot, and other by-products in a residence time of 2—3 milliseconds Additional ethylene may be produced by a secondary injection of naphtha (Table 7, Case A), or by means of radial injection of the naphtha feed (Case B). The oil quenching also removes soot. 

Hydrogen plasma process using naphtha. Case A secondary injection of naphtha Case B radial injection of the naphtha feed. Hydrogen plasma process using cmde oil. 

No baffles or impinge- Radially injected spray or increased flow... 

FIGURE 6.13 Schematic diagram of plasma spray deposition processing, (a) Radial injection of feedstock into plasma torch, showing partial entrainment of feed particles into the plasma jet and (b) axial injection of feedstock into plasma torch, showing more complete entrainment of feed particles into the plasma jet. 

In this case the particle velocities are considerablely higher than those in a RF plasma. Generally, the particles are radially injected and the injection velocity and... 

A single radial injection experiment allows one to measure both principal in-plane permeability components (A n and /C22). One does not have to address the issue of racetracking during radial injection. These are the major advantages of the radial injection compared to the ID linear injection. 

Gourichon B, DelSgise M, Binetruy C and Krawczak P (2008) Dynamic void content prediction during radial injection in liquid composite molding, Composites Part A 39 46-55,... 

The primary gasification agent, which is typically a mixture of oxygen and steam, is injected toward the center of the circulation zone through a number of opposing injectors at only one level (compare Figure 9.8). Because of radial injection... 

Herron, Goeringer, and McLuckey have electrosprayed and isolated triply and doubly charged anions from the single-stranded deoxynucleotide, 5 -d(AAAA)-3, and allowed the anions to undergo ion-ion proton transfer reactions with protonated pyridine cations. Pyridine vapor was introduced into the vacuum chamber at 1-3 X 10 torr (uncorrected), and the protonated cations were produced by internally ionizing pyridine by electron ionization using a radially injected electron beam. This pressure of pyridine was sufficient to cause complete protonation of the nucleotide molecular ion through self-... 

SL/RN Process. In the SL/RN process (Fig. 4), sized iron ore, coal, and dolomite are fed to the rotary kiln wherein the coal is gasified and the iron ore is reduced. The endothermic heat of reduction and the sensible energy that is required to heat the reactants is provided by combustion of volatiles and carbon monoxide leaving the bed with air introduced into the free space above the bed. The temperature profile in the kiln is controlled by radial air ports in the preheat zone and axial air ports in the reduction zone. Part of the coal is injected through the centerline of the kiln at the discharge end. The hot reduced iron and char is discharged into an indirect rotary dmm cooler. The cooled product is screened and magnetically separated to remove char and ash. 

Injection Well Considerations. Eluid injection rate can have a significant effect on oil recovery economics. Elow is radial from the wellbore into the reservoir. Thus the region near the injection wellbore acts as a choke for the entire reservoir. 

Radial density gradients in FCC and other large-diameter pneumatic transfer risers reflect gas—soHd maldistributions and reduce product yields. Cold-flow units are used to measure the transverse catalyst profiles as functions of gas velocity, catalyst flux, and inlet design. Impacts of measured flow distributions have been evaluated using a simple four lump kinetic model and assuming dispersed catalyst clusters where all the reactions are assumed to occur coupled with a continuous gas phase. A 3 wt % conversion advantage is determined for injection feed around the riser circumference as compared with an axial injection design (28). 

The introduction of the sample valve, however, helped establish radial equilibrium early in the separation but, unless some special sample spreading device is employed at the front of the column, equilibrium will not necessarily occur at the point of injection. The stream splitting process is depicted in Figure 2. 

Equation (3) allows the calculation of the distance traveled axially by a solute band before the radial standard deviation of the sample is numerically equal to the column radius. Consider a sample injected precisely at the center of a 4 mm diameter LC column. Now, radial equilibrium will be achieved when (o), the radial standard deviation of the band, is numerically equal to the radius, i.e., o = 0.2 cm. 

The manufacture of elastomeric radial lip seals centers around the molding operation. Figure 2 [1] illustrates the manufacturing flow diagram for the two primary processes used compression molding and injection molding. 

Tubular reactors sometimes have side entrance points for downstream injection. Like the case of fed-batch reactors, this raises the question of how quickly the new ingredients are mixed. Mixing in the radial direction is the dominant concern. If radial mixing is fast, the assumption of piston flow may be reasonable and the addition of new ingredients merely reinitializes the problem. The equivalent phenomenon was discussed in Section 2.6.2 for fed-batch reactors. 

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