Radial frequency definition

Capillary burst valves, which are rotationaUy actuated, stop flow by the counterpressure induced at a capillary feature such as a hydrophobic constriction or a sudden expansion in a (hydrophilic) channel (Fig. 4). If the substrate material is hydrophobic, the valve is typically formed by a constriction in the microchannel. These burst valves yield once the spin rate passed a certain threshold governed by the valve geometry, its radial position, the contact angle, and the surface tension of the liquid. Mainly due to minimum feature sizes and manufacturing tolerances, there is a practical limit which, on the one hand, restricts the maximum burst frequency and, on the other hand, smears out the definition of the nominally discrete burst frequencies into bands. In many applications the number of independently controllable burst valves and thus the number and vigorousness of LUOs are significantly capped [4]. 

Claudication is a clinical, easy to make diagnosis. Claudication of the upper extremities, although much less frequent than that of the lower extremities, is also a clinical diagnosis. The extremities should be examined carefully. Examination of the peripheral arterial system should include an evaluation of the volume and character of the arterial pulses of the carotids and of the arteries of the upper extremities the subclavian, the brachial, the radial, and the ulnar. Physical examination should definitely encompass the abdominal aorta for abnormal pulsations, ectasias and/or bruits, and the arteries of the lower extremities femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibialis. The pulse volume can be graded on a scale of 0 to 4. In addition to palpation, physical examination of the peripheral arterial system should include auscultation over the carotids, auscultation over the subclavian arteries above, and below the mid-clavicular area. A bruit over the subclavian artery and disappearance of the radial pulse with compression of the subclavian artery is evidence for subclavian syndrome. On occasion, a bruit may be heard by auscultation deep in the axilla. The bruit, a composite of low frequency sounds, is better appreciated when the examiner is using the bell of the stethoscope. 

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