R D funding

R. L. Meeks, Eederal R D Funding by Budget Function, Fiscal years 1995—1997, Report NSF 97—301, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virg., 1997. 

National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies. Academic Science/Engineering R D Funds, Fiscal Year 1985. Washington, D.C. National Science Foundation, 1986. 

Government, through ARPA, will provide R D funds to match what a company invests in the manufacturing. This is a new concept of matching . 

The DOD and NASA programs generally involve an aerospace firm that works with material suppliers to develop a material for a specific performance goal. In addition, the Government provides some research and development (R D) funds so the risk to the materials developer is minimized. In a sense, this is a case of vertical integration in which DOD or NASA is the end user and manages the complete product development. 

Government R D funding for renewables has been exceedingly successful, bringing down the cost of many renewables by a factor of ten in... 

After Sputnik, the number of universities granting the Ph.D. degree in chemistry more than doubled. The growth was spurred mainly by federal support. Around 1968, however, there was a downturn in research and development (R D) funding and the recession-aided weakening of the chemicaljob market. By 1975, academic openings in chemistry were relatively scarce (Skolnik Reese, 1976). 

Korea s extensive work across all the fuel cell types has MCFC as the major focus, accounting for 50% of the R D funding. Korea is developing a 100 kW MCFC with industrial participants, including KEPRI, Hyosung Heavy Ind., and Samsung. There is also a project for commercialising a 250 kW MCFC CHP prototype plant by 2008. 

Financial Muscle. The developmental work for a new API-for-generic has to start 5-8 years before patent expiry of the originator drug. This means a substantial investment in both human resources and R D funding many years before any revenues are generated. 

It is noted in the Executive Summary to the FDA study that the impacts given in the above paragraph do not take account of the possible "mitigating effects" of the May 17, 1978, version of the DRRA, such as the provision that the data cannot for a period of five years be used to obtain market approval for a drug product without the permission of the individual or entity that submitted the data originally. On the other side of the coin, however, is the fact that if one does not accept some or all of the assumptions of the FDA study, the sales loss, and in turn the loss in R D funds, could be significantly greater. 

Creation of a distinctive model for R D funding. Features of this model would be ... 

In the decade after the 1973-1974 oil embargo, the consensus reflected in the Bush report dissolved. Companies became disillusioned by the failure of fundamental research to deliver a constant stream of breakthroughs. Major corporate R D laboratories were closed, and R D was decentralized. Because of the economic recession of that era, federal R D funding began to shrink, and universities began to look for other sources of research support. 

FIGURE 27.3 Relationship between project value and R D funds invested in their clinical development (project spend). The value of this hypothetical portfolio would be the cumulative value of its constituent projects. Project F clearly has the lowest expected value per "project spend." These low-value projects are usually considered as candidates for termination. In addition to termination as a possibility, effective companies evaluate the low-expected-value projects to identify the drivers that would lead to a significant increase in the project s expected value (see text, "Portfolio Optimization Using Sensitivity Analysis," and Figure 27.5). 

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