QUESTIONS ABOUT DESIGN

Such a distribution would not have been possible without Intelligence, that all things should have their measure winter and summer and night and day and rain and winds and periods of fine weather other things also, if one will study them closely, will be found to have the best possible arrangement.1 

Is it not to be admired... that the mouth through which the food is conveyed should be placed so near the nose and eyes as to prevent the passage unnoticed of whatever is unfit for nourishment And cans t thou still doubt, Aristodemus, whether a disposition of parts like this should be the work of chance, or of wisdom and contrivance.2 

The famous opening paragraph of Paley s Natural Theology shows the power of the argument and also contains some of the flaws that led to its later rejection  

Paley expresses the design argument so well that he even earns the respect of dedicated evolutionists. Richard Dawkins s The Blind Watchmaker takes its title from Paley s watch analogy but claims that evolution, rather than an intelligent agent, plays the role of the watchmaker  

Paley is at his best when writing about mechanical systems. Concerning the heart, he observes as follows  

---

Synthesis research has caused a number of people to organize their approach to process design. People now ask the right question about design even if the answers as yet are lacking. How does one locate the best structure for a process How does one teach another person to do synthesis ... 

Assembly is the beginning and end of product realization. Product development begins with the design of product as an assembly. Questions about design for manufacturing and design for... 

These documents were all designed to support an audit of the system to answer questions about design, installation, initial operation, validation, and continued operations of a water system. However, since that time better and more appropriate methods have been made available to accomplish the same tasks, but in a more efficient manner. Cohen illustrates the use of electronic documentation approaches for accomplishing the same validation tasks, but in real-time. The improper use of the term revalidation limited the use of these real-time approaches, when in fact, as Cohen points out, what was intended was change control. In reality, what was meant to be accomplished was not revalidafion of the water system, but validating change controls. ... 

The use of a bioadhesive, polymeric dosage form for sustained dehvery raises questions about swallowing or aspirating the device. The surface area is small, and patient comfort should be addressed by designing a small (less than 2 cm ), thin (less than 0.1 mm (4 mil) thick) device that conforms to the mucosal surface. The buccal route may prove useful for peptide or protein dehvery because of the absence of protease activity in the sahva. However, the epithelium is relatively tight, based on its electrophysiological properties. An average conductance in the dog is 1 mS/cm (57) as compared to conductances of about 27 and 10 mS/cm in the small intestine and nasal mucosa, respectively (58,59) these may be classified as leaky epitheha. 

SET events at elevated temperature. Together with the limited number of free electrons, this may lead us to regard them as artificial atoms. This raises fundamental questions about the design of artificial molecules or artificial solids built up from these nanoscale sub-units [37-39]. Remade and Levine reviewed the ideas associated with the use of chemically fabricated quantum dots as building blocks for a new state of matter [40]. 

As previously discussed, compound form differs markedly between early discovery and the late discovery/development interface. The early discovery compound is poorly characterized as to its crystalline form - it may be nonsolid, amorphous, or possibly crystalline but uncharacterized as to polymorphic form. The late discovery/development interface compound is crystalline as defined by phase-contract microscopy or powder X-ray diffraction, and its polymorphic and salt form is frequently characterized. This difference has profound implications for the design of a discovery solubility assay. The key question is this Is it better to design an early discovery solubility assay as a separate type of experiment, or is it better to try to automate a traditional thermodynamic solubility assay to handle the very large number of compounds likely to be encountered in early discovery Another way to state this question is this Does it make sense to run a thermodynamic solubility assay on poorly crystalline early discovery compounds This is the type of question about which reasonable people could disagree. However, this author does have a distinct opinion. It is much better to set up a distinctively different solubility assay in early discovery and to maintain a clear distinction between the assay type appropriate in early discovery and the assay type appropriate at the late discovery/ development interface. Two issues are relevant to this opinion One relates to the need for a solubility assay to reflect/predict early discovery stage oral absorption and the other relates to people/chemistry issues. 

The project group designed a questionnaire with 286 questions, structured to cover each substep of all the types of major steps encountered in the supply chains. If an enterprise covered more than one major step, this meant that more than one interview was carried out, with more than one person or more interviews with the same person. For each enterprise, the interviewees typically answered 150-200 questions about 1-3 major steps. The questions were designed by experts to describe the principles and intentions of the... 

The mass spectrometric information should ideally be sufficient to answer two questions about each sample what does it contain and how much In order to answer these questions appropriately a researcher has to face the three central problems of mass spectrometry based proteomic research (i) the design of the experiment to allow for detection of proteins that are present in low abundance in the biological system... 

Unfortunately, in some contexts, the word architecture is dropped into a discussion to lend instant credibility to someone s position If it is about architecture, it must be abstract, and surely it cannot be bothered with the difficult questions about what it all means to an implementation. This leaves us with ill-defined terms and diagrams of boxes and lines. As with any model, their value is severely degraded if the underlying terms and notations do not have a clearly defined meaning or if the number and complexity of design elements render them incomprehensible. 

The process of formalising the action spec always raises questions about ambiguities and omissions in requirements. It is far better to deal with them at this stage than at coding time. Formalisation also tends to expose shortcomings in the type model, and leads to a clear and concise vocabulary shared across team members, which will ultimately be the basis of the design. 

The structure of these macroassemblies of nano building blocks also raises interesting questions about optimum composite design. The fact that the porosity of these... 

The team should also be asking questions about the filter design, such... 

---