Titanate, quaternary salt

Titanate coupler n. One of a family of organo-titanium compounds first developed by Kenrich Petrochemicals in 1978 and burgeoning since then. Types available include monoalkoxy, chelate, coordinate, and quaternary salts. They form molecular bridges between organic matrices (resins) and inorganic fillers and reinforcements. Conductivities of metal-filled plastics are increased by one to four orders of magnitude, while melt viscosities are reduced by factors of 0.3-0.1. 

For most commercial applications, it is necessary to add some form of accelerator to the formulation to speed the rate of cure. Both acidic and basic accelerators can be used. Consequently, several latent accelerators have appeared on the commercial scene in recent years. Included among these are quaternary ammonium halides such as benzyltrimethylammonium chloride (9 ), stannous octoate ( ), zinc stearate (1 ), extra-coordinate siliconate salts(11), triethanolamine borate (12), triethanolamine titanate (13), and various other metal chelates (14). However, all of these materials have been rejected for one reason or another and... 

In addition to tin compounds such as dibutyltin dilaurate and dibutyltin diacetate, various other metal compounds have been claimed to be effective deblocking catalysts such as zinc naphthenate (70), lead naphthenate, bismuth salts, and titanates (71), and Ca, Mg, Sr, or Ba salts of hexanoic, octanoic, naphthenic, or linolenic acid (72) and metal acetyl acetonates (73). Also combinations of organotin compounds and quaternary ammonium salts have been claimed to have a synergistic effect in lowering the deblocking temperature (74). 

Prigogine, Trappeniers, and Mathot pressure-volume-temperature measurements lead zirconate titanate quaternary ammonium salts quasi-two-parameter theory rigid amorphous fraction Rheometrics extensional rheometer Rheometrics elongational rheometer for melts room temperature small-angle neutron scattering small-amplitude oscillatory shear flow small-angle x-ray scattering side-chain LCP... 

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