Quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor

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As the readers may see, quartz crystal resonator (QCR) sensors are out of the content of this chapter because their fundamentals are far from spectrometric aspects. These acoustic devices, especially applied in direct contact to an aqueous liquid, are commonly known as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) [104] and used to convert a mass ora mass accumulation on the surface of the quartz crystal or, almost equivalent, the thickness or a thickness increase of a foreign layer on the crystal surface, into a frequency shift — a decrease in the ultrasonic frequency — then converted into an electrical signal. This unspecific response can be made selective, even specific, in the case of QCM immunosensors [105]. Despite non-gravimetric contributions have been attributed to the QCR response, such as the effect of single-film viscoelasticity [106], these contributions are also showed by a shift of the fixed US frequency applied to the resonator so, the spectrum of the system under study is never obtained and the methods developed with the help of these devices cannot be considered spectrometric. Recent studies on acoustic properties of living cells on the sub-second timescale have involved both a QCM and an impedance analyser thus susceptance and conductance spectra are obtained by the latter [107]. 

Ben-Dov, I., Willneg I., and Zisman, E, Piezoelectric immunosensors for urine specimeas ol Chlamydia trachomatis employing quartz crystal microbalance microgravimetric analyses. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 3506-3512. 

Tang AXJ, Pravda M, Guilbault GG, Piletsky S, and Turner APE. Immunosensor for okadaic acid using quartz crystal microbalance. Anal. Chim. Acta 2002 471 33 0. 

Chou SF, Hsu WL, Hwang JM, Chen CY. Determination of alpha-fetoprotein in human serum by a quartz crystal microbalance-based immunosensor. Clin Chem 2002 48 913-8. 

Acoustic transducers have also been used in immunosensors for water analysis (Guilbault, 1992). The resonant frequency of an oscillating piezoelectric crystal can be affected by a change in mass at the crystal surface. Piezoelectric immunosensors are able to measure a small change in mass. Recent publications have been based on immunosensors using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for the detection of trace amounts of chemical compounds, such as dioxins (Kurosawa, 2003). 

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