Quantifying Future Expectations

The following sections concentrate on the ways which SSIMS has been operated and the spectra quantified. Similar considerations for SNMS have not been included becau.se SNMS with la.ser postionization is still in an experimental stage and is not widely used in industrial laboratories. For future expectations see Section 4. 

Nevertheless, despite all these remarkable achievements, some open questions still remain. Among them is the influence of the molecular transport properties, in particular Lewis number effects, on the structure of turbulent premixed flames. Additional work is also needed to quantify the flame-generated turbulence phenomena and its relationship with the Darrieus-Landau instability. Another question is what are exactly the conditions for turbulent scalar transport to occur in a coimter-gradient mode Finally, is it realistic to expect that a turbulent premixed flame reaches an asymptotic steady-state of propagation, and if so, is it possible, in the future, to devise an experiment demonstrating it ... 

Since stochastic programming adds computational burden to practical problems, it is desirable to quantify the benefits of considering uncertainty. In order to address this point, there are generally two values of interest. One is the expected value of perfect information (EVPI) which measures the maximum amount the decision maker is willing to pay in order to get accurate information on the future. The second is the value of stochastic solution (VSS) which is the difference in the objective function between the solutions of the mean value problem (replacing random events with their means) and the stochastic solution (SS) (Birge, 1982). 

It is important for an organization to understand current and future needs and expectations, as well as quantify customer satisfaction and act on it. 

Platinum catalysts were employed in most of the existing studies of the effect of structure of olefinic substrates and solvents on the course of hydrogenation. These systems are less complicated, and the effect under study may often be successfully quantified. On the other hand, however, one may expect a more important role of, for example, solvent in systems with those catalysts for which the results obtained indicate a lower adsorptivity of substrates on the surface (Pd, Rh), which just might stress interactions between the environment of the solvent and adsorbed molecules. In the future, qualitatively new findings may be expected in this field. 

Worthing 1987) and natural sources (Timmerman 1978 Who 1979). Although future production levels of carbon disulfide are uncertain because of a long-term decline in the demand for viscose rayon and cellophane and restrictions on the use of fluorocarbon propellants, it is expected that the demand for this chemical in many other specialty areas will continue at relatively stable levels (Timmerman et al. 1978). Carbon disulfide is used primarily in industry. Releases from industrial processes are almost exclusively to the atmosphere. Sources and releases of carbon disulfide to the immediate environment should be identified and quantified, and additional information is needed on the disposal of carbon disulfide. 

Life cycle analysis is expected to help in the long term the environmental aspects associated with the future of packaging. Life cycle assessment can also be applied. However, each involves factors which are difficult to accurately quantify. 

It is expected that further applications of NMR spectroscopy will be introduced to the Ph. Eur. and the USP in the future. For example, it is discussed to quantify dihydrolovastatin in lovastatin with a limit of quantitation at 0.1%. The advantage of higher magnetic field strength is demonstrated 600-MHz spectra [1] are compared with 300-MHz spectra "SSL" [2] in Figure 3-5 and Figure 3-7. 

Concluding, FRAP has clearly shown its applicability in nuclear research and is expected to contribute largely to further unravelling and quantifying nuclear processes such as transcription, replication, RNA splicing and DNA repair. In addition, the combined application of FRAP with other quantitative techniques, like FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) and FCS (fluorescence correlation spectroscopy) will be instrumental for future research of the functional organisation of the cell nucleus. 

Risk is an intangible quality it does not have physical or material substance (a mishap does, but not risk). It is a future value concept with some quantifiable metrics, likelihood and severity, which characterize the future event. Risk can be thought of as the net present value of a future event. In system safety, risk is a measure of the future event, where the event is an expected mishap. Risk likelihood can be characterized in terms of probability, frequency, or qualitative criteria, while risk severity can be characterized in terms of death, injury, damage, dollar loss, and so on. Future safety events can only be identified as a hazard, which means that safety risk is the metric characterizing the amount of danger presented by a hazard. Recognizing that a hazard is the precursor (or blueprint) to a mishap, safety risk is the common denominator between the hazard and a mishap, and also the measure of the relative threat presented by a hazard. 

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