Pyrolic gases

Fig. 14.25 Specific impulse of an N204/pyrolant gas-hybrid rocket as a function of oxidizer/fuel ratio.

Table 8. Compositions of block copolymers determined by pyrol gas chromatography ...

Kutrieb Corporation (Chetek, Wisconsin) operates a pyrolator process for converting tires into oil, pyrolytic filler, gas, and steel. Nu-Tech (Bensenvike, Illinois) employs the Pyro-Matic resource recovery system for tire pyrolysis, which consists of a shredding operation, storage hopper, char-coUection chambers, furnace box with a 61-cm reactor chamber, material-feed conveyor, control-feed inlet, and oil collection system. It is rated to produce 272.5 L oil and 363 kg carbon black from 907 kg of shredded tires. TecSon Corporation (Janesville, Wisconsin) has a Pyro-Mass recovery system that pyroly2es chopped tire particles into char, oil, and gas. The system can process up to 1000 kg/h and produce 1.25 MW/h (16). 

V.A. Basiuk and J. Douda, Pyrolysis of poly glycine and poly 1 alanine analysis of less volatile products by gas chromatography/Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy/mass spectrometry, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 55, 235 236 (2000). 

N. Gallois, J. Templier and S. Derenne, Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry of the 20 protein amino acids in the presence of TMAH, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 80, 216 230... 

G. Chiavari, G.C. Galletti, G. Lantema and R. Mazzeo, The potential of pyrolysis gas chroma tography mass spectrometry in the recognition of ancient painting media, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol.,... 

F. Cappitelli, T. Learner and O. Chiantore, An initial assessment of thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the identification of oils from dried paint films, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 63, 339 348 (2002). 

A. Asperger, W. Engewald and G. Fabian, Thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation a simple and rapid on line derivatization method for gas chromatographic analysis of natural waxes, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 61, 91 109 (2001). 

D. Scalarone, O. Chiantore and C. Riedo, Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of on line pyrolysis silylation products of monosaccharides, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 83, 157 164 (2008). 

Pyrolants deflagration detonation gas generators, igniters, fireworks, squibs, safety fuses detonators, primers, initiators, detonating fuses... 

When a fuel-rich pyrolant burns in the atmosphere, oxygen molecules from the atmosphere diffuse into the initial combustion products of the pyrolant. The combustion products burn further and generate heat, light, and/or smoke in the atmosphere. A typical example is the combustion process in ducted rockets fuel-rich products generated in a gas generator are burnt completely in a combustion chamber after mixing with air pressurized by a shock wave that is taken in from the atmosphere. 

The selechon of fuel components to be mixed with oxidizer components is also an important issue in the development of pyrolants for various applications. Metal particles are used as fuel components to develop small-scale pyrolant charges as deployed in igniters, flares, and fireworks. Non-metal particles such as boron and carbon are used to formulate energetic pyrolants. Polymeric materials are commonly used as fuel components to develop relatively large-scale pyrolant charges, such as gas generators and fuel-rich propellants. 

Sodium azide is not as sensitive as lead azide or silver azide to friction or mechanical shock. Since sodium azide reacts with metal oxides to generate nitrogen gas, mixtures of sodium azide and metal oxides are used as pyrolants in gas generators. However, sodium azide reacts with copper and silver to form the corresponding azides, both of which are detonable pyrolants. 

Since fluorine is a gas at room temperature, it does not constitute a practical oxidizer of pyrolants, not least from an environmental point of view. SFg, on the other... 

X-ray analysis results show the formation of MgN as a combustion product of Mg-GAP pyrolants. The reaction occurs with nitrogen gas formed by the decomposition of GAP according to ... 

The ignition temperature of a mixture of Ti and C is relatively high compared with those of other pyrolants. When a small amount of polytetrafluoroethylene (Tf) is added to a Ti-C pyrolant, the ignition temperature is significantly lowered due to the exothermic reaction between Ti and Tf Since Tf consists of a -C2F4- chemical structure, the oxidizer gas, F2, is formed by thermal decomposition of Tf according to ... 

The AN particles incorporated into GAP-AN pyrolants form a molten layer on the burning surface and decompose to form oxidizer fragments. The fuel-rich gas produced by the decomposition of GAP interdiffuses with these oxidizer fragments on and above the burning surface and produces a premixed flame. A luminous flameis formed above the burning surface. 

When AP particles are added to GAP-AN pyrolants, a number of luminous flame-lets are formed above the burning surface. These flamelets are produced as a result of diffusional mixing between the oxidizer-rich gaseous decomposition products of the AP particles and the fuel-rich gaseous decomposition products of the GAP-AN pyrolants. Thus, the temperature profile in the gas phase increases irregularly due to the formation of non-homogeneous diffusional flamelets. 

When A1 particles are added to GAP-AN pyrolants, agglomerated A1 fragments are formed on the burning surface. However, when A1 particles are mixed with pyrolants composed of GAP, AN, and AP, numerous flame streams are formed in the gas phase. The A1 particles are oxidized by the gaseous decomposition products evolved by the AP particles. The combustion efficiency of the A1 particles is improved significantly by the addition of the AP particles. 

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