Soman pyridostigmine

Dimhuber P, French MC, Green DM, Leadbeater L, Stratton JA. The protection of primates against soman poisoning by pre-treatment with pyridostigmine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 31 295-299, 1979. 

Ray R, Clark III OE, Ford KW, Knight KR, Harris LW, Broomfield CA. A novel tertiary pyridostigmine derivative [3-(N,N-Dimethylcarbamyloxy)-l-methyl-A3-tetrahydropyridine] anticholinesterase properties and efficacy against soman. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 16 267-274, 1991. 

Pyridostigmine About twelve years ago, the U.S. military provided pyridostigmone bromide as a pretreatment for nerve agent exposure. Each trooper received a blister pack containing twenty-one 30-mg tablets for a dose regimen of one 30-mg tablet every eight hours. When given before soman exposure and when that exposure is followed by the standard MARK I therapy, the use of this pretreatment will increase the LD-50 several fold over the LD-50 obtained without the use of the pretreatment. When soman is the nerve... 

However, severe constraints do exist on DoD use of IND drugs and vaccines for CBW defense in military combat. The issue of IND use arose in the Gulf War in the case of pyridostigmine bromide (PB), which was regarded as the most effective pretreatment against exposure to the nerve gas Soman, and pentavalent botulinum toxoid (BT)... 

Gordon, R.K., Haigh, J.R., Garcia, G.E., Feaster, S.R., Riel, M.A., Lenz, D.E., Aisen, P.S., Doctor B.P. (2005). Oral administration of pyridostigmine bromide and huperzine A protects human whole hlood cholinesterases from ex vivo exposure to soman. Chem. Biol. Interact. 157-8 239-46. 

Von Bredow, J.D., Adams, N.L., Groff, W.A., Vick, J.A. (1991). Effectiveness of oral pyridostigmine pretreatment and cholinol dic-oxime therapy against soman intoxication in nonhuman primates. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 17 761-70. 

Anderson, D.R., Harris, L.W., Woodard, C.L., Lennox, W.I. (1992). The effect of pyridostigmine pretreatment on oxime efficacy against intoxication by soman and VX in rats. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 15 285-94. 

Kassa, J., Vachek, J., Bajgar, J., Fusek, J. (2001a). A combination of pyridostigmine with anticholinergic drugs effective pharmacological pretreatment of soman-poisoned mice. ASA... 

The fact that rodent plasma CarbE has a scavenger function against the highly toxic OP compounds is the basis for the CarbE concept, which is an outline of how the toxicity of soman may be influenced by the different content of plasma CarbE in different species in both the absence and presence of therapeutic interventions such as pyridostigmine prophylaxis or any artificially supplied scavenger in the plasma (Sterri and Fonnum, 1989 Sterri, 1989). This is further described below (see Toxicity of nerve gases and Therapeutic interventions). 

The effect on soman toxicity by pyridostigmine prophylaxis in different species could in principle also be explained by the CarbE concept of Sterri and Fonnum (1989). This means that the protection factors of carbamate prophylaxis as calculated for the different species were similar to the experimental protection factors of pyridostigmine prophylaxis against soman as observed for rat and guinea pig (Gordon et al, 1978) as well as marmoset and rhesus monkey (Dimhuber et al, 1979). Thus, due to the CarbE concept, we were fairly convinced that the hiunan species would achieve a similar protection by pyridostigmine prophylaxis as rhesus monkey, since both species lack the... 

Pyridostigmine bromide studies have been performed in dogs, guinea pigs, monkeys, rabbits, rats, and mice. Diarrhea, salivation, tremors, and respiratory failure were seen prior to death. Side effects of the drug are related to muscarinic and nicotinic effects. Toxicity is also related to cholinergic stimulation. Effectiveness of pretreatment to reduce lethality after exposure to nerve agents (in particular, soman) is dependent on the administration of atropine and pralidoxime, postexposure. 

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