Pulp oils

The flavour volatile constituents of the seed cotyledons, fruits and leaves of M. koenigii L. were analysed by GC-MS and compared with curry leaf flavour constituents (Walde et al., 2005). These consist of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The major constituents of curry leaf are monoterpenes (70%), seed cotyledons (86%) constituting a-pinene (52%) and c/s-P-ocimene (34%) raw fruit oil containing monoterpenes (80%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (4.8%) and fruit pulp oil containing monoterpenes (61%). 

The woody pit inside the mesocarp holds a seed whose oil is more unsaturted than the mesocarp (pulp) oil because of a higher content of linoleic acid. The ratio of fruit oil to seed oil is 50 1. 

Mercury is one of the most toxic water contaminants, and its discharges from chloralkali. paper and pulp, oil refining, pla.stic, and battery manufacturing industries [212] need to be controlled. It can exist in aqueous solution as the free metal, as Hg(l), or as Hg(Il) [32], the latter being favored in well-aerated water (see Fig. A2). 

Most people outside northern Europe, Russia, and parts of Asia likely have not heard of the golden seaberry, arguably one of the most nutrient-dense and diverse of all superfruits. On the downside, its musky, lemonlike taste combined with hefty amounts of pulp oil and organic acids makes for an unhappy marriage of flavor and aroma. At best, this is a superfruit with an acquired taste, and a well-designed consumer product is needed to improve its mass appeal. 

Rich Nature Nutraceutical Labs (richnature.com/onlinestore)— juice powder, pulp oil dispenser, seed oil capsules... 

Sibu (sibu.com)—juice blend, tea, seed and pulp oil capsules, soap, skin cream, equine products... 

Superfruit Oils (superfruitoils.com)—pure pulp oil for food, cosmetic, and capsule applications... 

Bleaches are used in the chemical processing of textiles, paper pulp, oils, foodstuffs, coatings, fibres, and other materials to remove or decolourize impurities. They are also used as cleaners and disinfectants. There are two broad classes of bleach, the first of which are the oxidizing bleaches (those that contain chlorine or active oxygen) ... 

Pulp oils Olive oil Palm oil Total pulp oils... 

Modern manufacturing of vegetable oils can be considered as a set of unit operations, which are applied depending on the composition of the crop, local or regional conditions and the intended end use. Because of the quick deterioration of the fruit, pulp oils are processed immediately after harvesting close... 

Oilseeds, unlike pulp oil fruits, can easily be transported and stored over long periods in ventilated silos. Industrial extraction usually takes place close to the location where the crude oil is further processed. Preparatory steps prior to oil... 

Palm oil is the pulp oil extracted promptly after harvesting from the fleshy mesocarp of the oil palm fruit using continuous screw presses. The liquid coming from the press is a mixture of oil, water and non-oily solids (NOS). After separation from sludge in a setthng tank, clarification, purification and vacuum drying, crude pahn oil (CPO) is yielded from the press liquid. 

Jart (1959) determined the fatty acid composition of olive kernels. The kernel oil appears to have a somewhat higher linoleic acid content and lower oleic content than the pulp oil (Table 7.8). In practice, the kernels are ground up with the pulp and the oil is expressed from the mixture of pulp and seed. The protein, oil and mineral contents of Egyptian and Jordanian olive oil cakes were investigated by Latief et aL (1976) and were found to be suitable for recovery of edible oil, protein pulp residue for cattle feed and mineral rich exhausted residue for use as fertilizer. 

Two main criteria have been used for selecting the palms for discussion. Firstly, a history of use for edible oil by the indigenous population, and secondly the availability of sufficient up to date analytical data on the oil characteristics. Some of the palms have a useful pulp oil, others have... 

Markley (1956) estimated the population of mbocaya, Acrocomia totai, in Paraguay at about 6 million trees yielding 60000-120000 tonnes of air-dried fruit. Potential oil production is 6000-12000 tonnes of pulp oil and 3600-7200 tonnes of kernel oil. A. total grows in savannah type conditions. 

Oboh, F.O.J. and Oderinde, R.A. (1988) Analysis of the pulp and pulp oil of the tucum (Astrocaryum vulgare) fruit. Food Chem. 30, 277-287. 

One example (out of many) to illustrate the complexity of adsorption from solution (as compared with gas-phase adsorptions), is the removal of mercury, an unacceptable toxic pollutant in aqueous systems. It is found in wastewaters (before treatment) from such manufacturing industries as chloroalkali, paper and pulp, oil refining, plastic and batteries, and can exist as free metal, as Hg(I) and Hg(II). Mercury adsorption capacity, on AC, increases as the pH of the aqueous systems decreases. Carbons with different activation methods have widely different capacities. Sulfurization of the carbon, loading the carbon with zirconium, as well as the dispersion of FeOOH species over the carbon, enhanced Hg(II) uptake. Mercury vapor can be taken up using AC which have been pre-treated with sulfur, the effect of chemisorbed oxygen being to retard (not prevent) the uptake of mercury, Lopez-Gonzalez et al. (1982). 

The so-called paper factor responsible for insect juvenile hormone (JH) activity of certain American papers has been identified (1966) as the bisabolane methyl ester, (-h)-juvabione (155), a constituent of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (416). As a matter of fact, the acid corresponding to 155, todomatuic acid (156), had been known earlier as a component of bisulfite-treated pulp oil of Abies sachalinensis (399). Juvabione and related compounds possessing JH activity have been isolated from several species of the family Pinaceae, including (-h)-A -dehydrotodomatuic acid (157) and 7-hydroxytodomatuic acid (158) from wood of Cedrus deodara (33). 

The pulp oil (avocado oil) consists mainly of glycerides of oleic acid the other major fatty acids in the oil are palmitic and linoleic acid. It also contains highly variable amounts of unsaponifiable matter (1.6-11.3%) consisting of sterols (P-sitosterol, campesterol, 24-methylenecycloartanol, citrostadienol, etc.), hydrocarbons, volatile acids (propionic, butyric, valeric, etc.), amino acids, and vitamin D (higher than in butter or eggs), among others. " ... 

Avocado oil is believed to have healing and soothing properties to the skin and the pulp oil is used in massage creams, muscle oils, hair products, and others. A pharmaceutical preparation containing the seed oil (unsaponifiable fraction) has been patented for use in the treatment of sclerosis of the skin, pyorrhea, arthritis, and others. The fruit pulp is used in face creams. 

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