Pulmonary definition

The definition above has replaced older ones that focused to varying degrees on chronic bronchitis and/ or emphysema. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema frequently represent different consequences of the same insult leading to changes in large aiiways, small airways and pulmonary parenchyma (Table 1). 

Data on acute exposures of humans to both isomers of dimethylhydrazine are limited to case reports of accidental exposures. Signs and symptoms of exposure include respiratory irritation, pulmonary edema, nausea, vomiting, and neurologic effects. However, definitive exposure data (concentration and duration) were unavailable for these accidents. The limited data in humans suggest that the nonlethal toxic response to acute inhalation of dimethylhydrazine is qualitatively similar to that observed in animals. No information was available regarding lethal responses in humans. In the absence of quantitative data in humans, the use of animal data is considered a credible approach for developing AEGL values. 

Tamoxifen users present also a doubling incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) (118 vs. 62 cases). This increase is similar to that seen with HRT. There are some aspects of this side effect that should be commented on to improve the management of women eligible for tamoxifen treatment and at risk for DVT (Goldhaber 2005). In the subanalysis of the Italian study (Decensi et al. 2005), the venous thromboembolism definition included DVT, PE, and superficial phlebitis. Most of the VTE that the authors reported were, in fact, cases of superficial phlebitis, whereas the admitted definition of venous thromboembolism excludes this entity. Such conceptual differences, together with differences in age and background characteristics between the four studies, can explain the diversity in the incidences observed. 

The inhaled air volume (V in L) depends on the extent of chest enlargement. During normal breathing, the inhaled and exhaled volumes (tidal volume) are only part of the total lung volume [8,21]. The different parameters that describe pulmonary ventilation are shown in Figure 3.2. Table 3.1 presents a definition of the different parameters. Normal adults have a tidal... 

Table 3.1. Definitions of the different parameters describing pulmonary ventilation.

It is called vomiting gas and has been used extensively by the military as a chemical warfare agent. Four ppm is sufficient to render a man unfit for action, and 20 ppm when breathed from 1 to 2 min causes definite bronchial or pulmonary lesions(Ref 5). See also CWA PS under Chemical, Biological and Radiological Agents... 

In humans, sepsis can follow pulmonary and nonpulmonary infections, and ARDS can occur in either clinical setting (reviewed in ref. 5). Sepsis is defined as the systemic response to a definite or probable tissue infection, and typically includes changes in body temperature, blood leukocyte counts, hemodynamic parameters, and organ function (6). There is an important distinction to be made between bacteremia, defined simply by a positive blood culture, and sepsis, which includes a specific systemic response. Most cases of bacteremia are not associated with clinical evidence of sepsis, and bacteremia by itself is rarely associated with ARDS (7). Rather, it appears that a primary tissue infection is an important requirement for the onset of sepsis in humans, and an important antecedent for ARDS whether or not bacteremia is detectable (8). 

Chlorine (CI2) is one of the more commonly produced ehemieals in the USA, and ehlorine gas is a potent oxidant whieh is very irritating and, potentially, corrosive (Kikilo et ah, 2008 Smith et ah, 2008 Wismer, 2007). Chlorine gas is used as a pulmonary and ehoking agent, and exposure is frequently assoeiated moderate to severe, painful irritation of the eyes and respiratory traet (Wismer, 2007). Such stressful, sublethal exposures in late-gestational women or animals might be expeeted to be associated with the induetion of premature parturition and, possibly, abortion. Oxidative stress ean definitely have adverse effects on reproductive funetion, but the chronic disease usually assoeiated with ehlorine gas exposure is primarily related to... 

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